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■ 레위기 25장
1. 여호와께서 시내산에서 모세에게 일러 가라사대
And the Lord spake unto Moses in mount Sinai , saying ,
2. 이스라엘 자손에게 고하여 이르라 너희는 내가 너희에게 주는 땅에 들어간 후에 그 땅으로 여호와 앞에 안식하게 하라
Speak unto the children of Israel , and say unto them, When ye come into the land which I give you, then shall the land keep a sabbath unto the Lord .
3. 너는 육 년 동안 그 밭에 파종하며 육 년 동안 그 포도원을 다스려 그 열매를 거둘 것이나
Six years thou shalt sow thy field , and six years thou shalt prune thy vineyard , and gather in the fruit thereof;
4. 제칠년에는 땅으로 쉬어 안식하게 할지니 여호와께 대한 안식이라 너는 그 밭에 파종하거나 포도원을 다스리지 말며
But in the seventh year shall be a sabbath of rest unto the land , a sabbath for the Lord : thou shalt neither sow thy field , nor prune thy vineyard .
5. 너의 곡물의 스스로 난 것을 거두지 말고 다스리지 아니한 포도나무의 맺은 열매를 거두지 말라 이는 땅의 안식년임이니라
That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap , neither gather the grapes of thy vine undressed : for it is a year of rest unto the land .
6. 안식년의 소출은 너희의 먹을 것이니 너와 네 남종과 네 여종과 네 품꾼과 너와 함께 거하는 객과
And the sabbath of the land shall be meat for you; for thee, and for thy servant , and for thy maid , and for thy hired servant , and for thy stranger that sojourneth with thee,
7. 네 육축과 네 땅에 있는 들짐승들이 다 그 소산으로 식물을 삼을지니라
And for thy cattle , and for the beast that are in thy land , shall all the increase thereof be meat .
8. 너는 일곱 안식년을 계수할지니 이는 칠 년이 일곱 번인즉 안식년 일곱 번 동안 곧 사십구 년이라
And thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years unto thee, seven times seven years ; and the space of the seven sabbaths of years shall be unto thee forty and nine years .
9. 칠월 십일은 속죄일이니 너는 나팔 소리를 내되 전국에서 나팔을 크게 불지며
Then shalt thou cause the trumpet of the jubile to sound on the tenth day of the seventh month , in the day of atonement shall ye make the trumpet sound throughout all your land .
10. 제오십년을 거룩하게 하여 전국 거민에게 자유를 공포하라 이 해는 너희에게 희년이니 너희는 각각 그 기업으로 돌아가며 각각 그 가족에게로 돌아갈지며
And ye shall hallow the fiftieth year , and proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof: it shall be a jubile unto you; and ye shall return every man unto his possession , and ye shall return every man unto his family .
11. 그 오십년은 너희의 희년이니 너희는 파종하지 말며 스스로 난 것을 거두지 말며 다스리지 아니한 포도를 거두지 말라
A jubile shall that fiftieth year be unto you: ye shall not sow , neither reap that which groweth of itself in it, nor gather the grapes in it of thy vine undressed .
12. 이는 희년이니 너희에게 거룩함이니라 너희가 밭의 소산을 먹으리라
For it is the jubile ; it shall be holy unto you: ye shall eat the increase thereof out of the field .
13. 이 희년에는 너희가 각기 기업으로 돌아갈지라
In the year of this jubile ye shall return every man unto his possession .
14. 네 이웃에게 팔든지 네 이웃의 손에서 사거든 너희는 서로 속이지 말라
And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour , or buyest ought of thy neighbour’s hand , ye shall not oppress one another :
15. 희년 후의 연수를 따라서 너는 이웃에게 살 것이요 그도 그 열매를 얻을 연수를 따라서 네게 팔 것인즉
According to the number of years after the jubile thou shalt buy of thy neighbour , and according unto the number of years of the fruits he shall sell unto thee:
16. 연수가 많으면 너는 그 값을 많게 하고 연수가 적으면 너는 그 값을 적게 할지니 곧 그가 그 열매의 다소를 따라서 네게 팔 것이라
According to the multitude of years thou shalt increase the price thereof, and according to the fewness of years thou shalt diminish the price of it: for according to the number of the years of the fruits doth he sell unto thee.
17. 너희는 서로 속이지 말고 너희의 하나님을 경외하라 나는 너희 하나님 여호와니라
Ye shall not therefore oppress one another ; but thou shalt fear thy God : for I am the Lord your God .
18. 너희는 내 법도를 행하며 내 규례를 지켜 행하라 그리하면 너희가 그 땅에 안전히 거할 것이라
Wherefore ye shall do my statutes , and keep my judgments , and do them; and ye shall dwell in the land in safety .
19. 땅은 그 산물을 내리니 너희가 배불리 먹고 거기 안전히 거하리라
And the land shall yield her fruit , and ye shall eat your fill , and dwell therein in safety .
20. 혹 너희 말이 우리가 만일 제칠년에 심지도 못하고 그 산물을 거두지도 못하면 무엇을 먹으리요 하겠으나
And if ye shall say , What shall we eat the seventh year ? behold, we shall not sow , nor gather in our increase :
21. 내가 명하여 제육년에 내 복을 너희에게 내려 그 소출이 삼 년 쓰기에 족하게 할지라
Then I will command my blessing upon you in the sixth year , and it shall bring forth fruit for three years .
22. 너희가 제팔년에는 파종하려니와 묵은 곡식을 먹을 것이며 제구년 곧 추수하기까지 묵은 곡식을 먹으리라
And ye shall sow the eighth year , and eat yet of old fruit until the ninth year ; until her fruits come in ye shall eat of the old store.
23. 토지를 영영히 팔지 말 것은 토지는 다 내 것임이라 너희는 나그네요 우거하는 자로서 나와 함께 있느니라
The land shall not be sold for ever : for the land is mine; for ye are strangers and sojourners with me.
24. 너희 기업의 온 땅에서 그 토지 무르기를 허락할지니
And in all the land of your possession ye shall grant a redemption for the land .
25. 만일 너희 형제가 가난하여 그 기업 얼마를 팔았으면 그 근족이 와서 동족의 판 것을 무를 것이요
If thy brother be waxen poor , and hath sold away some of his possession , and if any of his kin come to redeem it, then shall he redeem that which his brother sold .
26. 만일 그것을 무를 사람이 없고 자기가 부요하게 되어 무를 힘이 있거든
And if the man have none to redeem it, and himself be able to redeem it;
27. 그 판 해를 계수하여 그 남은 값을 산 자에게 주고 그 기업으로 돌아갈 것이니라
Then let him count the years of the sale thereof, and restore the overplus unto the man to whom he sold it; that he may return unto his possession .
28. 그러나 자기가 무를 힘이 없으면 그 판 것이 희년이 이르기까지 산자의 손에 있다가 희년에 미쳐 돌아올지니 그가 곧 그 기업으로 돌아갈 것이니라
But if he be not able to restore it to him, then that which is sold shall remain in the hand of him that hath bought it until the year of jubile : and in the jubile it shall go out , and he shall return unto his possession .
29. 성벽 있는 성내의 가옥을 팔았으면 판 지 만 일 년 안에는 무를 수 있나니 곧 그 기한 안에 무르려니와
And if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city , then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold ; within a full year may he redeem it.
30. 주년 내에 무르지 못하면 그 성내 가옥은 산 자의 소유로 확정되어 대대로 영영히 그에게 속하고 희년에라도 돌려 보내지 아니할 것이니라
And if it be not redeemed within the space of a full year , then the house that is in the walled city shall be established for ever to him that bought it throughout his generations : it shall not go out in the jubile .
31. 그러나 성벽이 둘리지 아니한 촌락의 가옥은 나라의 전토 일례로 물러주기도 할 것이요 희년에 돌려 보내기도 할 것이니라
But the houses of the villages which have no wall round about them shall be counted as the fields of the country : they may be redeemed , and they shall go out in the jubile .
32. 레위 족속의 성읍 곧 그 기업의 성읍의 가옥은 레위 사람이 언제든지 무를 수 있으나
Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites , and the houses of the cities of their possession , may the Levites redeem at any time .
33. 레위 사람이 만일 무르지 아니하면 그 기업된 성읍의 판 가옥은 희년에 돌려 보낼지니 대저 레위 사람의 성읍의 가옥은 이스라엘 자손 중에서 얻을 기업이 됨이니라
And if a man purchase of the Levites , then the house that was sold , and the city of his possession , shall go out in the year of jubile : for the houses of the cities of the Levites are their possession among the children of Israel .
34. 그러나 그 성읍의 들의 사면 밭은 그의 영원한 기업이니 팔지 못할지니라
But the field of the suburbs of their cities may not be sold ; for it is their perpetual possession .
35. 네 동족이 빈한하게 되어 빈 손으로 네 곁에 있거든 너는 그를 도와 객이나 우거하는 자처럼 너와 함께 생활하게 하되
And if thy brother be waxen poor , and fallen in decay with thee ; then thou shalt relieve him: yea, though he be a stranger , or a sojourner ; that he may live with thee.
36. 너는 그에게 이식을 취하지 말고 네 하나님을 경외하여 네 형제로 너와 함께 생활하게 할 것인즉
Take thou no usury of him, or increase : but fear thy God ; that thy brother may live with thee.
37. 너는 그에게 이식을 위하여 돈을 꾸이지 말고 이익을 위하여 식물을 꾸이지 말라
Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury , nor lend him thy victuals for increase .
38. 나는 너희 하나님이 되려고 또는 가나안 땅으로 너희에게 주려고 애굽 땅에서 너희를 인도하여 낸 너희 하나님 여호와니라
I am the Lord your God , which brought you forth out of the land of Egypt , to give you the land of Canaan , and to be your God .
39. 네 동족이 반한하게 되어 네게 몸이 팔리거든 너는 그를 종으로 부리지 말고
And if thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor , and be sold unto thee; thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bondservant :
40. 품꾼이나 우거하는 자 같이 너와 함께 있게 하여 희년까지 너를 섬기게 하라
But as an hired servant , and as a sojourner , he shall be with thee, and shall serve thee unto the year of jubile :
41. 그 때에는 그와 그 자녀가 함께 네게서 떠나 그 본족에게로 돌아가서 조상의 기업을 회복하리라
And then shall he depart from thee, both he and his children with him, and shall return unto his own family , and unto the possession of his fathers shall he return .
42. 그들은 내가 애굽 땅에서 인도하여 낸바 나의 품꾼인즉 종으로 팔리지 말 것이라
For they are my servants , which I brought forth out of the land of Egypt : they shall not be sold as bondmen .
43. 너는 그를 엄하게 부리지 말고 너의 하나님을 경외하라
Thou shalt not rule over him with rigour ; but shalt fear thy God .
44. 너의 종은 남녀를 무론하고 너의 사면 이방인 중에서 취할지니 남녀 종은 이런 자 중에서 살 것이며
Both thy bondmen , and thy bondmaids , which thou shalt have, shall be of the heathen that are round about you; of them shall ye buy bondmen and bondmaids .
45. 또 너희 중에 우거한 이방인의 자녀 중에서도 너희가 살 수 있고 또 그들이 너희 중에서 살아서 너희 땅에서 가정을 이룬 그 중에서도 그리 할 수 있은즉 그들이 너희 소유가 될지니
Moreover of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you, of them shall ye buy , and of their families that are with you, which they begat in your land : and they shall be your possession .
46. 너희는 그들을 너희 후손에게 기업으로 주어 소유가 되게 할 것이라 이방인 중에서는 너희가 영원한 종을 삼으려니와 너희 동족 이스라엘 자손은 너희 피차 엄하게 부리지 말지니라
And ye shall take them as an inheritance for your children after you, to inherit them for a possession ; they shall be your bondmen for ever : but over your brethren the children of Israel , ye shall not rule one over another with rigour .
47. 너희 중에 우거하는 이방인은 부요하게 되고 그 곁에 사는 너희 동족은 빈한하게 됨으로 너희 중에 우거하는 그 이방인에게나 그 족속에게 몸이 팔렸으면
And if a sojourner or stranger wax rich by thee , and thy brother that dwelleth by him wax poor , and sell himself unto the stranger or sojourner by thee, or to the stock of the stranger’s family :
48. 팔린 후에 그를 속량할 수 있나니 그 형제 중 하나가 속하거나
After that he is sold he may be redeemed again ; one of his brethren may redeem him:
49. 삼촌이나 사촌이 속하거나 그 근족 중 누구든지 속할 것이요 그가 부요하게 되면 스스로 속하되
Either his uncle , or his uncle’s son , may redeem him, or any that is nigh of kin unto him of his family may redeem him; or if he be able , he may redeem himself .
50. 자기 몸이 팔린 해로부터 희년까지를 그 산 자와 계산하여 그 년수를 따라서 그 몸의 값을 정할 때에 그 사람을 섬긴 날을 그 사람에게 고용된 날로 여길 것이라
And he shall reckon with him that bought him from the year that he was sold to him unto the year of jubile : and the price of his sale shall be according unto the number of years , according to the time of an hired servant shall it be with him.
51. 만일 남은 해가 많으면 그 연수대로 팔린 값에서 속하는 값을 그 사람에게 도로 주고
If there be yet many years behind, according unto them he shall give again the price of his redemption out of the money that he was bought for.
52. 만일 희년까지 남은 해가 적으면 그 사람과 계산하여 그 연수대로 속하는 그 값을 그에게 도로 줄지며
And if there remain but few years unto the year of jubile , then he shall count with him, and according unto his years shall he give him again the price of his redemption .
53. 주인은 그를 매년의 삯군과 같이 여기고 너의 목전에서 엄하게 부리지 못하리라
And as a yearly hired servant shall he be with him: and the other shall not rule with rigour over him in thy sight .
54. 그가 이같이 속하지 못하면 희년에 이르러 그와 그 자녀가 자유하리니
And if he be not redeemed in these years, then he shall go out in the year of jubile , both he, and his children with him.
55. 이스라엘 자손은 나의 품꾼이 됨이라 그들은 내가 애굽 땅에서 인도하여 낸 나의 품꾼이요 나는 너희 하나님 여호와니라
For unto me the children of Israel are servants ; they are my servants whom I brought forth out of the land of Egypt : I am the Lord your God .
■ 주석 보기
【레25:1 JFB】레25:1-7. Sabbath of the Seventh Year.
【레25:1 CWC】[THE SABBATIC AND JUBILEE YEARS]
Considering the limited scope of this work, we pass over chapter 24, to give more attention to the subject of the present chapter, which, is closely connected with that of the "feasts" or "appointed seasons."
The Sabbatic Year.
It deals first with the Sabbatic year (1-7). From what were the Israelites prohibited in the seventh year (4)? How much further did the prohibition extend (5)? But while there should be no sowing, pruning or reaping for the year, nevertheless were all the spontaneous produce of the land to be a waste (6, 7)? What may have been God's object in this law?
Agricultural science recognizes that a periodic rest of land is of advantage, particularly where it is difficult to obtain fertilizers in adequate amount. But there must have been a deeper reason here, and we wonder whether the enactment was not intended as a discipline in faith towards God, teaching the Israelite that man does not live by bread alone (Cp. vv. 20-22; with 신8:3). Then may not another thought have been to impress him that his right to the soil and its produce came from God? We can see also how such an enactment would curb selfishness and covetousness, and place the rich and the poor periodically on the same level. It has, of course, some symbolical and typical aspects as well, which will be considered later.
The Jubilee Year.
The chapter deals in the next place with the Jubilee year (8-12). In what month, and on what day did it begin (9)? What name was given to this day? By what ceremony was it introduced? What was the proclamation on this day (10)? Was it also a Sabbath for the land (11)? Then, did two Sabbath years come in immediate succession?
A question may arise as to how a new year could begin in the seventh month. But the answer is that Israel had two kinds of years. What might be called its religious year, began with the Feast of the Passover in the spring (Exodus 12), while its civil year began with the day of atonement in the fall.
Liberty Proclaimed.
One feature of the "liberty" of the Jubilee year concerned the redemption of the land (vv. 12-27:23, 24). In that year what must be returned to every man who had suffered a loss of it (13)? What was the basis of value in the purchase and sale of land (15, 16)? Since the possession must revert to the original holder in the year of Jubilee, it had only just so much value as there were years and crops intervening between the time it left his hand and the next Jubilee. What was the purpose or effect of this law (17)? What was its basis, or in other words, why could not the land be sold in perpetuity, but must be returned to its first holder (23)?
Observe from this that in Israel, under the theocracy, there was no such thing as either private or communal ownership of the land. The owner was Jehovah, and all any man could buy or sell was the right to its produce, and that only for a limited time.
The Kinsman Redeemer.
The law of the kinsman redeemer is an interesting feature of this subject (25-28).
If one for reasons of poverty was obliged to sell his land, whose duty was it to redeem it for him did his circumstances permit (25)? Might the original possessor himself redeem it (26)? Observe that the basis of price (27) was that referred to above. Observe also, that if it could not be redeemed in either case, then it must return to him at the Jubilee (28).
Exceptional Cases.
The exception as to walled cities is peculiar (29-34). If a man sold a dwelling there, might he ever get it back again (29)? If the opportunity was not availed of, what then (30)? Did this apply to other than walled cities (31)? Was there any exception as to the owners of dwellings in walled cities (32)?
The reason for exempting houses in walled cities seems to be that there was no land here which might be used agriculturally for man's support. In the case of unwalled towns or villages it was otherwise, hence the exception there. The inhabitants of such towns or villages were the cultivators of the soil, and their houses belonged to their farms. The case of the Levites is explained by the fact that according to the divine command, earlier recorded, they had no other possession than their houses.
The Question of Slavery.
The question of slavery comes again before us in this chapter (vv. 39-55).
What kind of a slave is referred to in v. 39, voluntary or involuntary? A Hebrew or an alien? What difference must be made in his case? How did the Jubilee year effect him (40, 41)?
What other kind of slave is allowed for in vv. 44, 45?
Provided that a Hebrew sold himself to an alien, what then (vv. 47-49)?
We wonder at Jehovah permitting slavery. But if we carefully considered the laws governing it in Israel, we must have see" how different it was from modern slavery, how just and equitable, and even how desirable for those whose circumstances made it necessary. We shall see also that these laws had such an educational power as to altogether banish slavery from the Hebrew people.
The Typical and Symbolical Aspect.
The Sabbatic year and Jubilee year are the last two members of the Sabbatic system of septenary periods all of which have a typical significance. Each brings out some aspect of redemption through Christ, and all combined form a progressive revelation in type of the results of Christ's work for the world.
These last two periods began on the great Day of Atonement in which all Israel was to afflict their souls in penitence for sin; and on that day they both began when the high priest came out from within the veil, where, from the time of offering the sin-offering, he had been hidden from the sight of Israel. Both also were ushered in with a trumpet blast. We have in both a type of the final repentance of Israel in the latter days, and their re-establishment in their own land, of which all the prophets speak. The earlier restoration from their Babylonian captivity was doubtless prefigured here as well; and yet the ultimate reference must be to that event still in the future vs. 11:11.
The World Fulfillment.
The type, however, reaches beyond Israel and includes the whole earth. See Peter's reference in 행3:19-21, when Jesus Christ the heavenly High Priest shall come forth and when the last trumpet shall sound and He shall appear "the second time without sin unto salvation" (히9:28; 롬8:19-22).
【레25:1 MHCC】All labour was to cease in the seventh year, as much as daily labour on the seventh day. These statues tell us to beware of covetousness, for a man's life consists not in the abundance of his possessions. We are to exercise willing dependence on God's providence for our support; to consider ourselves the Lord's tenants or stewards, and to use our possessions accordingly. This year of rest typified the spiritual rest which all believers enter into through Christ. Through Him we are eased of the burden of wordly care and labour, both being sanctified and sweetened to us; and we are enabled and encouraged to live by faith.
【레25:2 JFB】2-4. When ye come into the land which I give you—It has been questioned on what year, after the occupation of Canaan, the sabbatic year began to be observed. Some think it was the seventh year after their entrance. But others, considering that as the first six years were spent in the conquest and division of the land (수5:12), and that the sabbatical year was to be observed after six years of agriculture, maintain that the observance did not commence till the fourteenth year.
the land keep a sabbath unto the Lord—This was a very peculiar arrangement. Not only all agricultural processes were to be intermitted every seventh year, but the cultivators had no right to the soil. It lay entirely fallow, and its spontaneous produce was the common property of the poor and the stranger, the cattle and game. This year of rest was to invigorate the productive powers of the land, as the weekly Sabbath was a refreshment to men and cattle. It commenced immediately after the feast of ingathering, and it was calculated to teach the people, in a remarkable manner, the reality of the presence and providential power of God.
【레25:8 JFB】레25:8-23. The Jubilee.
8-11. thou shalt number seven sabbaths of years—This most extraordinary of all civil institutions, which received the name of "Jubilee" from a Hebrew word signifying a musical instrument, a horn or trumpet, began on the tenth day of the seventh month, or the great day of atonement, when, by order of the public authorities, the sound of trumpets proclaimed the beginning of the universal redemption. All prisoners and captives obtained their liberties, slaves were declared free, and debtors were absolved. The land, as on the sabbatic year, was neither sowed nor reaped, but allowed to enjoy with its inhabitants a sabbath of repose; and its natural produce was the common property of all. Moreover, every inheritance throughout the land of Judea was restored to its original owner.
【레25:8 MHCC】The word “jubilee” signifies a peculiarly animated sound of the silver trumpets. This sound was to be made on the evening of the great day of atonement; for the proclamation of gospel liberty and salvation results from the sacrifice of the Redeemer. It was provided that the lands should not be sold away from their families. They could only be disposed of, as it were, by leases till the year of jubilee, and then returned to the owner or his heir. This tended to preserve their tribes and families distinct, till the coming of the Messiah. The liberty every man was born to, if sold or forfeited, should return at the year of jubilee. This was typical of redemption by Christ from the slavery of sin and Satan, and of being brought again to the liberty of the children of God. All bargains ought to be made by this rule, “Ye shall not oppress one another,” not take advantage of one another's ignorance or necessity, “but thou shalt fear thy God.” The fear of God reigning in the heart, would restrain from doing wrong to our neighbour in word or deed. Assurance was given that they should be great gainers, by observing these years of rest. If we are careful to do our duty, we may trust God with our comfort. This was a miracle for an encouragement to all neither sowed or reaped. This was a miracle for an encouragement to all God's people, in all ages, to trust him in the way of duty. There is nothing lost by faith and self-denial in obedience. Some asked, What shall we eat the seventh year? Thus many Christians anticipate evils, questioning what they shall do, and fearing to proceed in the way of duty. But we have no right to anticipate evils, so as to distress ourselves about them. To carnal minds we may appear to act absurdly, but the path of duty is ever the path of safety.
【레25:10 JFB】10. ye shall hallow the fiftieth year—Much difference of opinion exists as to whether the jubilee was observed on the forty-ninth, or, in round numbers, it is called the fiftieth. The prevailing opinion, both in ancient and modern times, has been in favor of the latter.
【레25:12 JFB】12. ye shall eat the increase thereof out of the field, &c.—All that the ground yielded spontaneously during that period might be eaten for their necessary subsistence, but no persons were at liberty to hoard or form a private stock in reserve.
【레25:13 JFB】13. ye shall return every man unto his possession, &c.—Inheritances, from whatever cause, and how frequently soever they had been alienated, came back into the hands of the original proprietors. This law of entail, by which the right heir could never be excluded, was a provision of great wisdom for preserving families and tribes perfectly distinct, and their genealogies faithfully recorded, in order that all might have evidence to establish their right to the ancestral property. Hence the tribe and family of Christ were readily discovered at his birth.
【레25:17 JFB】17. Ye shall not oppress one another, but thou shalt fear thy God—This, which is the same as 레25:14, related to the sale or purchase of possessions and the duty of paying an honest and equitable regard, on both sides, to the limited period during which the bargain could stand. The object of the legislator was, as far as possible, to maintain the original order of families, and an equality of condition among the people.
【레25:21 JFB】21, 22. I will command my blessing upon you in the sixth year, and it shall bring forth fruit for three years, &c.—A provision was made, by the special interposition of God, to supply the deficiency of food which would otherwise have resulted from the suspension of all labor during the sabbatic year. The sixth year was to yield a miraculous supply for three continuous years. And the remark is applicable to the year of Jubilee as well as the sabbatic year. (See allusions to this extraordinary provision in 왕하19:29; 사37:30). None but a legislator who was conscious of acting under divine authority would have staked his character on so singular an enactment as that of the sabbatic year; and none but a people who had witnessed the fulfilment of the divine promise would have been induced to suspend their agricultural preparations on a recurrence of a periodical Jubilee.
【레25:23 JFB】23-28. The land shall not be sold for ever—or, "be quite cut off," as the Margin better renders it. The land was God's, and, in prosecution of an important design, He gave it to the people of His choice, dividing it among their tribes and families—who, however, held it of Him merely as tenants-at-will and had no right or power of disposing of it to strangers. In necessitous circumstances, individuals might effect a temporary sale. But they possessed the right of redeeming it, at any time, on payment of an adequate compensation to the present holder; and by the enactments of the Jubilee they recovered it free—so that the land was rendered inalienable. (See an exception to this law, 레27:20).
【레25:23 MHCC】If the land were not redeemed before the year of jubilee, it then returned to him that sold or mortgaged it. This was a figure of the free grace of God in Christ; by which, and not by any price or merit of our own, we are restored to the favour of God. Houses in walled cities were more the fruits of their own industry than land in the country, which was the direct gift of God's bounty; therefore if a man sold a house in a city, he might redeem it only within a year after the sale. This encouraged strangers and proselytes to come and settle among them.
【레25:29 JFB】29-31. if a man sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold—All sales of houses were subject to the same condition. But there was a difference between the houses of villages (which, being connected with agriculture, were treated as parts of the land) and houses possessed by trading people or foreigners in walled towns, which could only be redeemed within the year after the sale; if not then redeemed, these did not revert to the former owner at the Jubilee.
【레25:32 JFB】32-34. Notwithstanding the cities of the Levites, &c.—The Levites, having no possessions but their towns and their houses, the law conferred on them the same privileges that were granted to the lands of the other Israelites. A certain portion of the lands surrounding the Levitical cities was appropriated to them for the pasturage of their cattle and flocks (민35:4, 5). This was a permanent endowment for the support of the ministry and could not be alienated for any time. The Levites, however, were at liberty to make exchanges among themselves; and a priest might sell his house, garden, and right of pasture to another priest, but not to an Israelite of another tribe (렘41:7-9).
【레25:35 JFB】35-38. if thy brother be waxen poor, … relieve him—This was a most benevolent provision for the poor and unfortunate, designed to aid them or alleviate the evils of their condition. Whether a native Israelite or a mere sojourner, his richer neighbor was required to give him food, lodging, and a supply of money without usury. Usury was severely condemned (시15:5; 겔18:8, 17), but the prohibition cannot be considered as applicable to the modern practice of men in business, borrowing and lending at legal rates of interest.
【레25:35 MHCC】Poverty and decay are great grievances, and very common; the poor ye have always with you. Thou shalt relieve him; by sympathy, pitying the poor; by service, doing for them; and by supply, giving to them according to their necessity, and thine ability. Poor debtors must not be oppressed. Observe the arguments here used against extortion: “Fear thy God.” Relieve the poor, “that they may live with thee;” for they may be serviceable to thee. The rich can as ill spare the poor, as the poor can the rich. It becomes those that have received mercy to show mercy.
【레25:39 JFB】39-46. if thy brother … be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee, thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond-servant—An Israelite might be compelled, through misfortune, not only to mortgage his inheritance, but himself. In the event of his being reduced to this distress, he was to be treated not as a slave, but a hired servant whose engagement was temporary, and who might, through the friendly aid of a relative, be redeemed at any time before the Jubilee. The ransom money was determined on a most equitable principle. Taking account of the number of years from the proposal to redeem and the Jubilee, of the current wages of labor for that time, and multiplying the remaining years by that sum, the amount was to be paid to the master for his redemption. But if no such friendly interposition was made for a Hebrew slave, he continued in servitude till the year of Jubilee, when, as a matter of course, he regained his liberty, as well as his inheritance. Viewed in the various aspects in which it is presented in this chapter, the Jubilee was an admirable institution, and subservient in an eminent degree to uphold the interests of religion, social order, and freedom among the Israelites.
【레25:39 MHCC】A native Israelite, if sold for debt, or for a crime, was to serve but six years, and to go out the seventh. If he sold himself, through poverty, both his work and his usage must be such as were fitting for a son of Abraham. Masters are required to give to their servants that which is just and equal, 골4:1. At the year of jubilee the servant should go out free, he and his children, and should return to his own family. This typified redemption from the service of sin and Satan, by the grace of God in Christ, whose truth makes us free, 요8:32. We cannot ransom our fellow-sinners, but we may point out Christ to them; while by his grace our lives may adorn his gospel, express our love, show our gratitude, and glorify his holy name.
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