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■ 출애굽기 23장
1. 너는 허망한 풍설을 전파하지 말며 악인과 연합하여 무함하는 증인이 되지 말며
Thou shalt not raise a false report : put not thine hand with the wicked to be an unrighteous witness .
2. 다수를 따라 악을 행하지 말며 송사에 다수를 따라 부정당한 증거를 하지 말며
Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil ; neither shalt thou speak in a cause to decline after many to wrest judgment:
3. 가난한 자의 송사라고 편벽되이 두호하지 말지니라
Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man in his cause .
4. 네가 만일 네 원수의 길 잃은 소나 나귀를 만나거든 반드시 그 사람에게로 돌릴지며
If thou meet thine enemy’s ox or his ass going astray , thou shalt surely bring it back to him again .
5. 네가 만일 너를 미워하는 자의 나귀가 짐을 싣고 엎드러짐을 보거든 삼가 버려두지 말고 그를 도와 그 짐을 부리울지니라
If thou see the ass of him that hateth thee lying under his burden , and wouldest forbear to help him, thou shalt surely help with him.
6. 너는 가난한 자의 송사라고 공평치 않게 하지 말며
Thou shalt not wrest the judgment of thy poor in his cause .
7. 거짓 일을 멀리하며 무죄한 자와 의로운 자를 죽이지 말라 나는 악인을 의롭다 하지 아니하겠노라
Keep thee far from a false matter ; and the innocent and righteous slay thou not: for I will not justify the wicked .
8. 너는 뇌물을 받지 말라 뇌물은 밝은 자의 눈을 어둡게 하고 의로운 자의 말을 굽게 하느니라
And thou shalt take no gift : for the gift blindeth the wise , and perverteth the words of the righteous .
9. 너는 이방 나그네를 압제하지 말라 너희가 애굽 땅에서 나그네 되었었은즉 나그네의 정경을 아느니라
Also thou shalt not oppress a stranger : for ye know the heart of a stranger , seeing ye were strangers in the land of Egypt .
10. 너는 육년 동안은 너의 땅에 파종하여 그 소산을 거두고
And six years thou shalt sow thy land , and shalt gather in the fruits thereof:
11. 제칠년에는 갈지 말고 묵여 두어서 네 백성의 가난한 자로 먹게 하라 그 남은 것은 들짐승이 먹으리라 너의 포도원과 감람원도 그리할지니라
But the seventh year thou shalt let it rest and lie still; that the poor of thy people may eat : and what they leave the beasts of the field shall eat . In like manner thou shalt deal with thy vineyard , and with thy oliveyard .
12. 너는 육일 동안에 네 일을 하고 제칠일에는 쉬라 네 소와 나귀가 쉴 것이며 네 계집 종의 자식과 나그네가 숨을 돌리리라
Six days thou shalt do thy work , and on the seventh day thou shalt rest : that thine ox and thine ass may rest , and the son of thy handmaid , and the stranger , may be refreshed .
13. 내가 네게 이른 모든 일을 삼가 지키고 다른 신들의 이름은 부르지도 말며 네 입에서 들리게도 말지니라
And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect : and make no mention of the name of other gods , neither let it be heard out of thy mouth .
14. 너는 매년 삼차 내게 절기를 지킬지니라
Three times thou shalt keep a feast unto me in the year .
15. 너는 무교병의 절기를 지키라 내가 네게 명한 대로 아빕월의 정한 때에 칠 일동안 무교병을 먹을지니 이는 그 달에 네가 애굽에서 나왔음이라 빈 손으로 내게 보이지 말지니라
Thou shalt keep the feast of unleavened bread : (thou shalt eat unleavened bread seven days , as I commanded thee, in the time appointed of the month Abib ; for in it thou camest out from Egypt : and none shall appear before me empty :)
16. 맥추절을 지키라 이는 네가 수고하여 밭에 뿌린 것의 첫 열매를 거둠이니라 수장절을 지키라 이는 네가 수고하여 이룬 것을 연종에 밭에서부터 거두어 저장함이니라
And the feast of harvest , the firstfruits of thy labours , which thou hast sown in the field : and the feast of ingathering , which is in the end of the year , when thou hast gathered in thy labours out of the field .
17. 너의 모든 남자는 매년 세번씩 주 여호와께 보일지니라
Three times in the year all thy males shall appear before the Lord God .
18. 너는 내 희생의 피를 유교병과 함께 드리지 말며 내 절기 희생의 기름을 아침까지 남겨 두지 말지니라
Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leavened bread ; neither shall the fat of my sacrifice remain until the morning .
19. 너의 토지에서 처음 익은 열매의 첫것을 가져다가 너의 하나님 여호와의 전에 드릴지니라 너는 염소 새끼를 그 어미의 젖으로 삶지 말지니라
The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring into the house of the Lord thy God . Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother’s milk .
20. 내가 사자를 네 앞서 보내어 길에서 너를 보호하여 너로 내가 예비한 곳에 이르게 하리니
Behold, I send an Angel before thee, to keep thee in the way , and to bring thee into the place which I have prepared .
21. 너희는 삼가 그 목소리를 청종하고 그를 노엽게 하지 말라 그가 너희 허물을 사하지 아니할 것은 내 이름이 그에게 있음이니라
Beware of him, and obey his voice , provoke him not; for he will not pardon your transgressions : for my name is in him .
22. 네가 그 목소리를 잘 청종하고 나의 모든 말대로 행하면 내가 네 원수에게 원수가 되고 네 대적에게 대적이 될지라
But if thou shalt indeed obey his voice , and do all that I speak ; then I will be an enemy unto thine enemies , and an adversary unto thine adversaries .
23. 나의 사자가 네 앞서 가서 너를 아모리 사람과 헷 사람과 브리스 사람과 가나안 사람과 히위 사람과 여부스 사람에게로 인도하고 나는 그들을 끊으리니
For mine Angel shall go before thee, and bring thee in unto the Amorites , and the Hittites , and the Perizzites , and the Canaanites , the Hivites , and the Jebusites : and I will cut them off .
24. 너는 그들의 신을 숭배하지 말며 섬기지 말며 그들의 소위를 본받지 말며 그것들을 다 훼파하며 그 주상을 타파하고
Thou shalt not bow down to their gods , nor serve them, nor do after their works : but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images .
25. 너의 하나님 여호와를 섬기라 그리하면 여호와가 너희의 양식과 물에 복을 내리고 너희 중에 병을 제하리니
And ye shall serve the Lord your God , and he shall bless thy bread , and thy water ; and I will take sickness away from the midst of thee.
26. 네 나라에 낙태하는 자가 없고 잉태치 못하는 자가 없을 것이라 내가 너의 날 수를 채우리라
There shall nothing cast their young , nor be barren , in thy land : the number of thy days I will fulfil .
27. 내가 내 위엄을 네 앞서 보내어 너의 이를 곳의 모든 백성을 파하고 너의 모든 원수로 너를 등지게 할 것이며
I will send my fear before thee, and will destroy all the people to whom thou shalt come , and I will make all thine enemies turn their backs unto thee.
28. 내가 왕벌을 네 앞에 보내리니 그 벌이 히위 족속과 가나안 족속과 헷 족속을 네 앞에서 쫓아내리라
And I will send hornets before thee, which shall drive out the Hivite , the Canaanite , and the Hittite , from before thee.
29. 그러나 그 땅이 황무하게 되어 들짐승이 번성하여 너희를 해할까 하여 일년 안에는 그들을 네 앞에서 쫓아내지 아니하고
I will not drive them out from before thee in one year ; lest the land become desolate , and the beast of the field multiply against thee.
30. 네가 번성하여 그 땅을 기업으로 얻을 때까지 내가 그들을 네 앞에서 조금씩 쫓아내리라
By little and little I will drive them out from before thee, until thou be increased , and inherit the land .
31. 너의 지경을 홍해에서부터 블레셋 바다까지 광야에서부터 하수까지 정하고 그 땅의 거민을 네 앞에서 쫓아낼지라
And I will set thy bounds from the Red sea even unto the sea of the Philistines , and from the desert unto the river : for I will deliver the inhabitants of the land into your hand ; and thou shalt drive them out before thee.
32. 너는 그들과 그들의 신과 언약하지 말라
Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor with their gods .
33. 그들이 네 땅에 머무르지 못할 것은 그들이 너로 내게 범죄케 할까 두려움이라 네가 그 신을 섬기면 그것이 너의 올무가 되리라
They shall not dwell in thy land , lest they make thee sin against me: for if thou serve their gods , it will surely be a snare unto thee.
■ 주석 보기
【출23:1 JFB】출23:1-33. Laws concerning Slander, &c.
1. put not thine hand—join not hands.
【출23:1 CWC】[THE CIVIL CODE]
The ten commandments constitute the moral law, a perfect rule of duty for all men and everywhere. But the "judgments" (v. 1) that follow are an application of those commandments to Israel in the peculiar circumstances of their history at that time and when they should inhabit Canaan. The ten commandments, let us say, represent the constitution of the United States, and the "judgments" the legislative enactments based thereon by Congress.
The three chapters now entered upon have certain natural divisions, corresponding, though not in exact order, with the last seven commandments of the decalogue:
1. Laws of Servitude, 21:1-11.
This division refers to the duties of masters and servants, and is a natural expansion of the 5th commandment, the master being substituted for the parent.
It is slavery of a certain kind that is here dealt with, for it was common in those days when for centuries the rights of man had been beclouded by sin, and in the absence of a divine revelation. Heavenly reforms sometimes move slowly, and it was not God's purpose to immediately do away with this feature of social life, but to regulate, elevate in any other way. Compare 레25:93 and 신15:12.
Vv. 4-6. We can see the advantage of the wife and children remaining with the master in this case, since he doubtless was best able to support them. Moreover, he had rights in the case which should not be violated. But what provision is made for a happy solution of the problem? Behold in this servant whose ear is bored an affecting type of the willing obedience of the Lord Jesus Christ (시40:6-8)!
Vv. 7-1 1. If the maid-servant should not please her master in the sense that he espouse her, in what two ways are her rights guarded (8)? What acknowledged position would she have did she become the espoused of his son (9)? And how are the rights of this poor maiden guarded in this case as well (10, 11)? We are not to suppose that this law instituted either polygamy or concubinage, but finding it in existence it was permitted until the period was ripe for its extermination (마19:1-9).
2. Laws of Personal Security, 21:12-32.
This section is an expansion of the 6th commandment.
Vv. 11-14. What distinction is made between premeditated and unpremeditated murder? See 민35:9-32.
Vv. 23-25. This law of retaliation has been misunderstood as though it encouraged revenge, but it refers to the administration of justice at the hand of the magistrate (6).
3. Laws of Property, 21:33 to 22:15.
This section is an expansion of the 8th commandment.
"Breaking up" (22:2) should read as in the Revised Version "breaking in," which makes the sense plain
"Judge" all through these chapters is translated "God" in the Revised Version. Israel is a theocracy. Its supreme ruler is God. The magistrates represent and speak directly for Him. Thus will it be again in the millennium.
4. Laws of Conjugal Fidelity, 22:16-31.
This is an expansion of the 7th commandment, and yet its subject matter is miscellaneous. Murphy gives a unity to the verses by supposing the relation between God and His people to be symbolized by that of husband and wife, God being the avowed guardian and representative of the stranger, the widow and the orphan.
V. 28. The word "gods" should be "God," and it will be seen from the context that reviling rulers is regarded as reviling God (compare 롬13:1-7).
V. 29. "Liquors" has been rendered "the trickling juice of the vine."
Some things in this section are more fully explained in later Scriptures.
5. Laws of Veracity, 23:1-9.
This corresponds to the 9th commandment.
V. 3 means that one is not to countenance or favor a poor man in his cause just because he is poor, if the cause be unrighteous. Compare 레19:15.
6. Laws of Set Times, 23:10-19.
This corresponds to the 4th commandment.
What was the law for the land in the seventh year (11)? For what purpose was the spontaneous growth of that year to be used? How did the divine Legislator provide against an emergency of famine (레25:20-22)?
Note the moral advantages resulting from the observance of this law: (1) a check on avarice, (2) a stimulant to brotherly kindness and compassion, (3) a demonstration of human equality, (4) a cultivation of prudence and economy, (5) a sense of constant dependence upon God.
What are the three annual feasts (14-16)? Murphy compares them with the three elements of salvation: the passover with the atonement, pentecost with the new birth, the ingathering with pardon and its accompanying plentitude of blessing. What obligation is attached to these festivals?
V. 19, last sentence, is difficult, although the command itself is plain. It is in connection with sacrifice (18) -- has it therefore a symbolic meaning? Or was it to prevent the slaying and eating of the kid at too early a period? Or does the application bear simply on a barbarous and cruel action?
7. Laws of Pity, 23:20-33.
This is allied to the 10th commandment because of its reference to the service of Jehovah alone, who estimates the motive of men.
Whom have we seen to be meant by "the Angel" (20)? In what way have we seen His presence hitherto displayed? On what commission is He now sent? What shows His authority? Power? Dignity (21)? What are the blessings of obedience (22-27)? What precaution would God take in bringing them into possession of the land (28-30)? What final warning is given (32-33).
8. Ratifying the Covenant, 24.
At the beginning of this chapter we are introduced to the two sons of Aaron, soon to be associated with him in the priesthood and to have a sad ending nevertheless. With what words do the people accept the obligations imposed upon them (3)? What kind of an altar presumably did Moses build (v. 4 compared with 20:24-26)?
What provision is made for the careful transmission of the law (4)? What name is given to the book thus written (7)? By what solemn act is the covenant ratified (8)? Compare the marginal reference.
What sublime experience was granted to these representatives of Israel on the mount (10)? What this means, in the absence of further record, who can say! Why may we judge that they did not see the "face" of God (33:20-23)? Or any "similitude" of Him (신4:15)? What description is given of that which they did see?
How was God's mercy shown to them on this occasion (11)? How is their escape from death expressed in the last clause? Is not this escape explained by the covenant relationship with God into which they had now come? Was this relationship grounded on their keeping of the law or on the blood of propitiation that had been shed and sprinkled upon the people? What did this typify (롬3:19-25)? Compare also 히10:16-20.
What final seal to the authority of the law is now given (12)? What two individuals are here seen for a second time with Moses (13, 14)? What grandeur on the mount is now described (15-17)? What new event in Moses' experience (18)? The reason for this new event will come before us in the succeeding lesson.
【출23:1 MHCC】In the law of Moses are very plain marks of sound moral feeling, and of true political wisdom. Every thing in it is suited to the desired and avowed object, the worship of one only God, and the separation of Israel from the pagan world. Neither parties, friends, witnesses, nor common opinions, must move us to lessen great faults, to aggravate small ones, excuse offenders, accuse the innocent, or misrepresent any thing.
【출23:2 JFB】2. decline—depart, deviate from the straight path of rectitude.
【출23:3 JFB】3. countenance—adorn, embellish—thou shalt not varnish the cause even of a poor man to give it a better coloring than it merits.
【출23:10 JFB】10. six years thou shalt sow thy land—intermitting the cultivation of the land every seventh year. But it appears that even then there was a spontaneous produce which the poor were permitted freely to gather for their use, and the beasts driven out fed on the remainder, the owners of fields not being allowed to reap or collect the fruits of the vineyard or oliveyard during the course of this sabbatical year. This was a regulation subservient to many excellent purposes; for, besides inculcating the general lesson of dependence on Providence, and of confidence in His faithfulness to His promise respecting the triple increase on the sixth year (레25:20, 21), it gave the Israelites a practical proof that they held their properties of the Lord as His tenants, and must conform to His rules on pain of forfeiting the lease of them.
【출23:10 MHCC】Every seventh year the land was to rest. They must not plough or sow it; what the earth produced of itself, should be eaten, and not laid up. This law seems to have been intended to teach dependence on Providence, and God's faithfulness in sending the larger increase while they kept his appointments. It was also typical of the heavenly rest, when all earthly labours, cares, and interests shall cease for ever. All respect to the gods of the heathen is strictly forbidden. Since idolatry was a sin to which the Israelites leaned, they must blot out the remembrance of the gods of the heathen. Solemn religious attendance on God, in the place which he should choose, is strictly required. They must come together before the Lord. What a good Master do we serve, who has made it our duty to rejoice before him! Let us devote with pleasure to the service of God that portion of our time which he requires, and count his sabbaths and ordinances to be a feast unto our souls. They were not to come empty-handed; so now, we must not come to worship God empty-hearted; our souls must be filled with holy desires toward him, and dedications of ourselves to him; for with such sacrifices God is well pleased.
【출23:12 JFB】12. Six days thou shalt do thy work, and on the seventh day thou shalt rest—This law is repeated [출20:9] lest any might suppose there was a relaxation of its observance during the sabbatical year.
【출23:13 JFB】13. make no mention of the name of other gods, &c.—that is, in common conversation, for a familiar use of them would tend to lessen horror of idolatry.
【출23:14 JFB】14-18. Three times … keep a feast … in the year—This was the institution of the great religious festivals—"The feast of unleavened bread," or the passover—"the feast of harvest," or pentecost—"the feast of ingathering," or the feast of tabernacles, which was a memorial of the dwelling in booths in the wilderness, and which was observed in the seventh month (출12:2). All the males were enjoined to repair to the tabernacle and afterwards the temple, and the women frequently went. The institution of this national custom was of the greatest importance in many ways: by keeping up a national sense of religion and a public uniformity in worship, by creating a bond of unity, and also by promoting internal commerce among the people. Though the absence of all the males at these three festivals left the country defenseless, a special promise was given of divine protection, and no incursion of enemies was ever permitted to happen on those occasions.
【출23:19 JFB】19. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk—A prohibition against imitating the superstitious rites of the idolaters in Egypt, who, at the end of their harvest, seethed a kid in its mother's milk and sprinkled the broth as a magical charm on their gardens and fields, to render them more productive the following season. [See on 신14:21].
【출23:20 JFB】20-25. Behold, I send an Angel before thee, to keep thee in the way—The communication of these laws, made to Moses and by him rehearsed to the people, was concluded by the addition of many animating promises, intermingled with several solemn warnings that lapses into sin and idolatry would not be tolerated or passed with impunity.
【출23:20 MHCC】It is here promised that they should be guided and kept in their way through the wilderness to the land of promise, Behold, I send an angel before thee, mine angel. The precept joined with this promise is, that they be obedient to this angel whom God would send before them. Christ is the Angel of Jehovah; this is plainly taught by St. Paul, 고전10:9. They should have a comfortable settlement in the land of Canaan. How reasonable are the conditions of this promise; that they should serve the only true God; not the gods of the nations, which are no gods at all. How rich are the particulars of this promise! The comfort of their food, the continuance of their health, the increase of their wealth, the prolonging their lives to old age. Thus hath godliness the promise of the life that now is. It is promised that they should subdue their enemies. Hosts of hornets made way for the hosts of Israel; such mean creatures can God use for chastising his people's enemies. In real kindness to the church, its enemies are subdued by little and little; thus we are kept on our guard, and in continual dependence on God. Corruptions are driven out of the hearts of God's people, not all at once, but by little and little. The precept with this promise is, that they should not make friendship with idolaters. Those that would keep from bad courses, must keep from bad company. It is dangerous to live in a bad neighbourhood; others' sins will be our snares. Our greatest danger is from those who would make us sin against God.
【출23:21 JFB】21. my name is in him—This angel is frequently called Jehovah and Elohim, that is, God.
【출23:28 JFB】28. I will send hornets before thee, &c. (See on 수24:12)—Some instrument of divine judgment, but variously interpreted: as hornets in a literal sense [Bochart]; as a pestilential disease [Rosenmuller]; as a terror of the Lord, an extraordinary dejection [Junius].
【출23:29 JFB】29, 30. I will not drive … out … in one year; lest the land become desolate—Many reasons recommend a gradual extirpation of the former inhabitants of Canaan. But only one is here specified—the danger lest, in the unoccupied grounds, wild beasts should inconveniently multiply; a clear proof that the promised land was more than sufficient to contain the actual population of the Israelites.
※ 일러두기
웹 브라우저 주소창에 'https://foreverorkr.tistory.com/pages/' 다음에 '창1' 처럼 성경 약자와 장 번호를 입력하면 해당 장으로 바로 이동할 수 있다. 상단의 '한글듣기'와 '영어듣기' 우측의 플레이 아이콘을 누르면 읽는 성경을 들으며 읽을 수 있다.(읽는 성경의 출처는 https://mp3bible.ca , https://www.wordproject.org 이다) 성경 번역본은 개역 한글과 킴제임스 버전(KJV)이다. 주석은 세 가지로 CWC는 Christian Workers' Commentary, MHCC는 Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, JFB는 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible을 의미한다.