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■ 출애굽기 22장
1. 사람이 소나 양을 도적질하여 잡거나 팔면 그는 소 하나에 소 다섯으로 갚고 양 하나에 양 넷으로 갚을지니라
If a man shall steal an ox , or a sheep , and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox , and four sheep for a sheep .
2. 도적이 뚫고 들어옴을 보고 그를 쳐 죽이면 피 흘린 죄가 없으나
If a thief be found breaking up , and be smitten that he die , there shall no blood be shed for him.
3. 해 돋은 후이면 피 흘린 죄가 있으리라 도적은 반드시 배상할 것이나 배상할 것이 없으면 그 몸을 팔아 그 도적질한 것을 배상할 것이요
If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be blood shed for him; for he should make full restitution ; if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft .
4. 도적질한 것이 살아 그 손에 있으면 소나 나귀나 양을 무론하고 갑절을 배상할지니라
If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive , whether it be ox , or ass , or sheep ; he shall restore double .
5. 사람이 밭에서나 포도원에서 먹이다가 그 짐승을 놓아서 남의 밭에서 먹게 하면 자기 밭의 제일 좋은 것과 자기 포도원의 제일 좋은 것으로 배상할지니라
If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten , and shall put in his beast , and shall feed in another man’s field ; of the best of his own field , and of the best of his own vineyard , shall he make restitution .
6. 불이 나서 가시나무에 미쳐 낟가리나 거두지 못한 곡식이나 전원을 태우면 불 놓은 자가 반드시 배상할지니라
If fire break out , and catch in thorns , so that the stacks of corn , or the standing corn , or the field , be consumed therewith; he that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution .
7. 사람이 돈이나 물품을 이웃에게 맡겨 지키게 하였다가 그 이웃의 집에서 봉적하였는데 그 도적이 잡히면 갑절을 배상할 것이요
If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep , and it be stolen out of the man’s house ; if the thief be found , let him pay double .
8. 도적이 잡히지 아니하면 그 집 주인이 재판장 앞에 가서 자기가 그 이웃의 물품에 손 댄 여부의 조사를 받을 것이며
If the thief be not found , then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges , to see whether he have put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods .
9. 어떠한 과실에든지 소에든지 나귀에든지 양에든지 의복에든지 또는 아무 잃은 물건에든지 그것에 대하여 혹이 이르기를 이것이 그것이라 하면 두 편이 재판장 앞에 나아갈 것이요 재판장이 죄 있다고 하는 자가 그 상대편에게 갑절을 배상할지니라
For all manner of trespass , whether it be for ox , for ass , for sheep , for raiment , or for any manner of lost thing , which another challengeth to be his, the cause of both parties shall come before the judges ; and whom the judges shall condemn , he shall pay double unto his neighbour .
10. 사람이 나귀나 소나 양이나 다른 짐승을 이웃에게 맡겨 지키게 하였다가 죽거나 상하거나 몰려가도 본 사람이 없으면
If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass , or an ox , or a sheep , or any beast , to keep ; and it die , or be hurt , or driven away , no man seeing it:
11. 두 사람 사이에 맡은 자가 이웃의 것에 손을 대지 아니하였다고 여호와로 맹세할 것이요 그 임자는 그대로 믿을 것이며 그 사람은 배상하지 아니하려니와
Then shall an oath of the Lord be between them both , that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods ; and the owner of it shall accept thereof, and he shall not make it good .
12. 만일 자기에게서 봉적하였으면 그 임자에게 배상할 것이며
And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.
13. 만일 찢겼으면 그것을 가져다가 증거할 것이요 그 찢긴 것에 대하여 배상하지 않을지니라
If it be torn in pieces , then let him bring it for witness , and he shall not make good that which was torn .
14. 만일 이웃에게 빌어온 것이 그 임자가 함께 있지 아니할 때에 상하거나 죽으면 반드시 배상하려니와
And if a man borrow ought of his neighbour , and it be hurt , or die , the owner thereof being not with it , he shall surely make it good .
15. 그 임자가 그것과 함께 하였으면 배상하지 않을지며 세 낸 것도 세를 위하여 왔은즉 배상하지 않을지니라
But if the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good : if it be an hired thing, it came for his hire .
16. 사람이 정혼하지 아니한 처녀를 꾀어 동침하였으면 빙폐를 드려 아내로 삼을 것이요
And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed , and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife .
17. 만일 그 아비가 그로 그에게 주기를 거절하면 그는 처녀에게 빙폐하는 일례로 돈을 낼지니라
If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins .
18. 너는 무당을 살려 두지 말지니라
Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live .
19. 짐승과 행음하는 자는 반드시 죽일지니라
Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death .
20. 여호와 외에 다른 신에게 희생을 드리는 자는 멸할지니라
He that sacrificeth unto any god , save unto the Lord only, he shall be utterly destroyed .
21. 너는 이방 나그네를 압제하지 말며 그들을 학대하지 말라 너희도 애굽 땅에서 나그네이었었음이니라
Thou shalt neither vex a stranger , nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt .
22. 너는 과부나 고아를 해롭게 하지 말라
Ye shall not afflict any widow , or fatherless child .
23. 네가 만일 그들을 해롭게 하므로 그들이 내게 부르짖으면 내가 반드시 그 부르짖음을 들을지라
If thou afflict them in any wise , and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry ;
24. 나의 노가 맹렬하므로 내가 칼로 너희를 죽이리니 너희 아내는 과부가 되고 너희 자녀는 고아가 되리라
And my wrath shall wax hot , and I will kill you with the sword ; and your wives shall be widows , and your children fatherless .
25. 네가 만일 너와 함께한 나의 백성 중 가난한 자에게 돈을 꾸이거든 너는 그에게 채주 같이 하지 말며 변리를 받지 말 것이며
If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer , neither shalt thou lay upon him usury .
26. 네가 만일 이웃의 옷을 전당잡거든 해가 지기 전에 그에게 돌려보내라
If thou at all take thy neighbour’s raiment to pledge , thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down :
27. 그 몸을 가릴 것이 이뿐이라 이는 그 살의 옷인즉 그가 무엇을 입고 자겠느냐 그가 내게 부르짖으면 내가 들으리니 나는 자비한 자임이니라
For that is his covering only, it is his raiment for his skin : wherein shall he sleep ? and it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will hear ; for I am gracious .
28. 너는 재판장을 욕하지 말며 백성의 유사를 저주하지 말지니라
Thou shalt not revile the gods , nor curse the ruler of thy people .
29. 너는 너의 추수한 것과 너의 짜낸 즙을 드리기에 더디게 말지며 너의 처음 난 아들들을 내게 줄지며
Thou shalt not delay to offer the first of thy ripe fruits , and of thy liquors : the firstborn of thy sons shalt thou give unto me.
30. 너의 소와 양도 그 일례로 하되 칠 일 동안 어미와 함께 있게 하다가 팔일만에 내게 줄지니라
Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen , and with thy sheep : seven days it shall be with his dam ; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me.
31. 너희는 내게 거룩한 사람이 될지니 들에서 짐승에게 찢긴 것의 고기를 먹지 말고 개에게 던질지니라
And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field ; ye shall cast it to the dogs .
■ 주석 보기
【출22:1 JFB】출22:1-31. Laws concerning Theft.
1-4. If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep—The law respects the theft of cattle which constituted the chief part of their property. The penalty for the theft of a sheep which was slain or sold, was fourfold; for an ox fivefold, because of its greater utility in labor; but, should the stolen animal have been recovered alive, a double compensation was all that was required, because it was presumable he (the thief) was not a practised adept in dishonesty. A robber breaking into a house at midnight might, in self-defense, be slain with impunity; but if he was slain after sunrise, it would be considered murder, for it was not thought likely an assault would then be made upon the lives of the occupants. In every case where a thief could not make restitution, he was sold as a slave for the usual term.
【출22:1 CWC】[THE CIVIL CODE]
The ten commandments constitute the moral law, a perfect rule of duty for all men and everywhere. But the "judgments" (v. 1) that follow are an application of those commandments to Israel in the peculiar circumstances of their history at that time and when they should inhabit Canaan. The ten commandments, let us say, represent the constitution of the United States, and the "judgments" the legislative enactments based thereon by Congress.
The three chapters now entered upon have certain natural divisions, corresponding, though not in exact order, with the last seven commandments of the decalogue:
1. Laws of Servitude, 21:1-11.
This division refers to the duties of masters and servants, and is a natural expansion of the 5th commandment, the master being substituted for the parent.
It is slavery of a certain kind that is here dealt with, for it was common in those days when for centuries the rights of man had been beclouded by sin, and in the absence of a divine revelation. Heavenly reforms sometimes move slowly, and it was not God's purpose to immediately do away with this feature of social life, but to regulate, elevate in any other way. Compare 레25:93 and 신15:12.
Vv. 4-6. We can see the advantage of the wife and children remaining with the master in this case, since he doubtless was best able to support them. Moreover, he had rights in the case which should not be violated. But what provision is made for a happy solution of the problem? Behold in this servant whose ear is bored an affecting type of the willing obedience of the Lord Jesus Christ (시40:6-8)!
Vv. 7-1 1. If the maid-servant should not please her master in the sense that he espouse her, in what two ways are her rights guarded (8)? What acknowledged position would she have did she become the espoused of his son (9)? And how are the rights of this poor maiden guarded in this case as well (10, 11)? We are not to suppose that this law instituted either polygamy or concubinage, but finding it in existence it was permitted until the period was ripe for its extermination (마19:1-9).
2. Laws of Personal Security, 21:12-32.
This section is an expansion of the 6th commandment.
Vv. 11-14. What distinction is made between premeditated and unpremeditated murder? See 민35:9-32.
Vv. 23-25. This law of retaliation has been misunderstood as though it encouraged revenge, but it refers to the administration of justice at the hand of the magistrate (6).
3. Laws of Property, 21:33 to 22:15.
This section is an expansion of the 8th commandment.
"Breaking up" (22:2) should read as in the Revised Version "breaking in," which makes the sense plain
"Judge" all through these chapters is translated "God" in the Revised Version. Israel is a theocracy. Its supreme ruler is God. The magistrates represent and speak directly for Him. Thus will it be again in the millennium.
4. Laws of Conjugal Fidelity, 22:16-31.
This is an expansion of the 7th commandment, and yet its subject matter is miscellaneous. Murphy gives a unity to the verses by supposing the relation between God and His people to be symbolized by that of husband and wife, God being the avowed guardian and representative of the stranger, the widow and the orphan.
V. 28. The word "gods" should be "God," and it will be seen from the context that reviling rulers is regarded as reviling God (compare 롬13:1-7).
V. 29. "Liquors" has been rendered "the trickling juice of the vine."
Some things in this section are more fully explained in later Scriptures.
5. Laws of Veracity, 23:1-9.
This corresponds to the 9th commandment.
V. 3 means that one is not to countenance or favor a poor man in his cause just because he is poor, if the cause be unrighteous. Compare 레19:15.
6. Laws of Set Times, 23:10-19.
This corresponds to the 4th commandment.
What was the law for the land in the seventh year (11)? For what purpose was the spontaneous growth of that year to be used? How did the divine Legislator provide against an emergency of famine (레25:20-22)?
Note the moral advantages resulting from the observance of this law: (1) a check on avarice, (2) a stimulant to brotherly kindness and compassion, (3) a demonstration of human equality, (4) a cultivation of prudence and economy, (5) a sense of constant dependence upon God.
What are the three annual feasts (14-16)? Murphy compares them with the three elements of salvation: the passover with the atonement, pentecost with the new birth, the ingathering with pardon and its accompanying plentitude of blessing. What obligation is attached to these festivals?
V. 19, last sentence, is difficult, although the command itself is plain. It is in connection with sacrifice (18) -- has it therefore a symbolic meaning? Or was it to prevent the slaying and eating of the kid at too early a period? Or does the application bear simply on a barbarous and cruel action?
7. Laws of Pity, 23:20-33.
This is allied to the 10th commandment because of its reference to the service of Jehovah alone, who estimates the motive of men.
Whom have we seen to be meant by "the Angel" (20)? In what way have we seen His presence hitherto displayed? On what commission is He now sent? What shows His authority? Power? Dignity (21)? What are the blessings of obedience (22-27)? What precaution would God take in bringing them into possession of the land (28-30)? What final warning is given (32-33).
8. Ratifying the Covenant, 24.
At the beginning of this chapter we are introduced to the two sons of Aaron, soon to be associated with him in the priesthood and to have a sad ending nevertheless. With what words do the people accept the obligations imposed upon them (3)? What kind of an altar presumably did Moses build (v. 4 compared with 20:24-26)?
What provision is made for the careful transmission of the law (4)? What name is given to the book thus written (7)? By what solemn act is the covenant ratified (8)? Compare the marginal reference.
What sublime experience was granted to these representatives of Israel on the mount (10)? What this means, in the absence of further record, who can say! Why may we judge that they did not see the "face" of God (33:20-23)? Or any "similitude" of Him (신4:15)? What description is given of that which they did see?
How was God's mercy shown to them on this occasion (11)? How is their escape from death expressed in the last clause? Is not this escape explained by the covenant relationship with God into which they had now come? Was this relationship grounded on their keeping of the law or on the blood of propitiation that had been shed and sprinkled upon the people? What did this typify (롬3:19-25)? Compare also 히10:16-20.
What final seal to the authority of the law is now given (12)? What two individuals are here seen for a second time with Moses (13, 14)? What grandeur on the mount is now described (15-17)? What new event in Moses' experience (18)? The reason for this new event will come before us in the succeeding lesson.
【출22:1 MHCC】Judicial laws.
—The people of God should ever be ready to show mildness and mercy, according to the spirit of these laws. We must answer to God, not only for what we do maliciously, but for what we do heedlessly. Therefore, when we have done harm to our neighbour, we should make restitution, though not compelled by law. Let these scriptures lead our souls to remember, that if the grace of God has indeed appeared to us, then it has taught us, and enabled us so to conduct ourselves by its holy power, that denying ungodliness and wordly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present world, 딛2:12. And the grace of God teaches us, that as the Lord is our portion, there is enough in him to satisfy all the desires of our souls.
【출22:6 JFB】6. If fire break out, and catch in thorns—This refers to the common practice in the East of setting fire to the dry grass before the fall of the autumnal rains, which prevents the ravages of vermin, and is considered a good preparation of the ground for the next crop. The very parched state of the herbage and the long droughts of summer, make the kindling of a fire an operation often dangerous, and always requiring caution from its liability to spread rapidly.
stacks—or as it is rendered "shocks" (유15:5; 욥5:26), means simply a bundle of loose sheaves.
【출22:26 JFB】26, 27. If thou at all take thy neighbour's raiment to pledge, &c.—From the nature of the case, this is the description of a poor man. No Orientals undress, but, merely throwing off their turbans and some of their heavy outer garments, they sleep in the clothes which they wear during the day. The bed of the poor is usually nothing else than a mat; and, in winter, they cover themselves with a cloak—a practice which forms the ground or reason of the humane and merciful law respecting the pawned coat.
【출22:28 JFB】28. gods—a word which is several times in this chapter rendered "judges" or magistrates.
the ruler of thy people—and the chief magistrate who was also the high priest, at least in the time of Paul (행23:1-5).
※ 일러두기
웹 브라우저 주소창에 'https://foreverorkr.tistory.com/pages/' 다음에 '창1' 처럼 성경 약자와 장 번호를 입력하면 해당 장으로 바로 이동할 수 있다. 상단의 '한글듣기'와 '영어듣기' 우측의 플레이 아이콘을 누르면 읽는 성경을 들으며 읽을 수 있다.(읽는 성경의 출처는 https://mp3bible.ca , https://www.wordproject.org 이다) 성경 번역본은 개역 한글과 킴제임스 버전(KJV)이다. 주석은 세 가지로 CWC는 Christian Workers' Commentary, MHCC는 Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, JFB는 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible을 의미한다.