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■ 출애굽기 21장
1. 네가 백성 앞에 세울 율례는 이러하니라
Now these are the judgments which thou shalt set before them.
2. 네가 히브리 종을 사면 그가 육년 동안 섬길 것이요 제칠년에는 값 없이 나가 자유할 것이요
If thou buy an Hebrew servant , six years he shall serve : and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing .
3. 그가 단신으로 왔으면 단신으로 나갈 것이요 장가 들었으면 그 아내도 그와 함께 나가려니와
If he came in by himself , he shall go out by himself : if he were married , then his wife shall go out with him.
4. 상전이 그에게 아내를 줌으로 그 아내가 자녀간 낳았으면 그 아내와 그 자식들은 상전에게 속할 것이요 그는 단신으로 나갈 것이로되
If his master have given him a wife , and she have born him sons or daughters ; the wife and her children shall be her master’s , and he shall go out by himself .
5. 종이 진정으로 말하기를 내가 상전과 내 처자를 사랑하니 나가서 자유하지 않겠노라 하면
And if the servant shall plainly say , I love my master , my wife , and my children ; I will not go out free :
6. 상전이 그를 데리고 재판장에게로 갈 것이요 또 그를 문이나 문설주 앞으로 데리고 가서 그것에다가 송곳으로 그 귀를 뚫을 것이라 그가 영영히 그 상전을 섬기리라
Then his master shall bring him unto the judges ; he shall also bring him to the door , or unto the door post ; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul ; and he shall serve him for ever .
7. 사람이 그 딸을 여종으로 팔았으면 그는 남종 같이 나오지 못할지며
And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant , she shall not go out as the menservants do .
8. 만일 상전이 그를 기뻐 아니하여 상관치 아니하면 그를 속신케 할 것이나 그 여자를 속임이 되었으니 타국인에게 팔지 못할 것이
If she please not her master , who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed : to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power , seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her.
9. 만일 그를 자기 아들에게 주기로 하였으면 그를 딸 같이 대접할 것이요
And if he have betrothed her unto his son , he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters .
10. 만일 상전이 달리 장가를 들지라도 그의 의복과 음식과 동침하는 것은 끊지 못할 것이요
If he take him another wife; her food , her raiment , and her duty of marriage , shall he not diminish .
11. 이 세가지를 시행하지 아니하면 그는 속전을 내지 않고 거저 나가게 할 것이니라
And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money .
12. 사람을 쳐 죽인 자는 반드시 죽일 것이나
He that smiteth a man , so that he die , shall be surely put to death .
13. 만일 사람이 계획한 일이 아니라 나 하나님이 사람을 그 손에 붙임이면 내가 위하여 한 곳을 정하리니 그 사람이 그리로 도망할 것이며
And if a man lie not in wait , but God deliver him into his hand ; then I will appoint thee a place whither he shall flee .
14. 사람이 그 이웃을 짐짓 모살하였으면 너는 그를 내 단에서라도 잡아내려 죽일지니라
But if a man come presumptuously upon his neighbour , to slay him with guile ; thou shalt take him from mine altar , that he may die .
15. 자기 아비나 어미를 치는 자는 반드시 죽일지니라
And he that smiteth his father , or his mother , shall be surely put to death .
16. 사람을 후린 자가 그 사람을 팔았든지 자기 수하에 두었든지 그를 반드시 죽일 지니라
And he that stealeth a man , and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand , he shall surely be put to death .
17. 그 아비나 어미를 저주하는 자는 반드시 죽일 지니라
And he that curseth his father , or his mother , shall surely be put to death .
18. 사람이 서로 싸우다가 하나가 돌이나 주먹으로 그 적수를 쳤으나 그가 죽지 않고 자리에 누었다가
And if men strive together, and one smite another with a stone , or with his fist , and he die not, but keepeth his bed :
19. 지팡이를 짚고 기동하면 그를 친 자가 형벌은 면하되 기간 손해를 배상하고 그로 전치되게 할지니라
If he rise again , and walk abroad upon his staff , then shall he that smote him be quit : only he shall pay for the loss of his time , and shall cause him to be thoroughly healed .
20. 사람이 매로 그 남종이나 여종을 쳐서 당장에 죽으면 반드시 형벌을 받으려니와
And if a man smite his servant , or his maid , with a rod , and he die under his hand ; he shall be surely punished .
21. 그가 일일이나 이일을 연명하면 형벌을 면하리니 그는 상전의 금전임이니라
Notwithstanding , if he continue a day or two , he shall not be punished : for he is his money .
22. 사람이 서로 싸우다가 아이 밴 여인을 다쳐 낙태케 하였으나 다른 해가 없으면 그 남편의 청구대로 반드시 벌금을 내되 재판장의 판결을 좇아 낼 것이니라
If men strive , and hurt a woman with child , so that her fruit depart from her, and yet no mischief follow : he shall be surely punished , according as the woman’s husband will lay upon him; and he shall pay as the judges determine.
23. 그러나 다른 해가 있으면 갚되 생명은 생명으로,
And if any mischief follow , then thou shalt give life for life ,
24. 눈은 눈으로, 이는 이로, 손은 손으로, 발은 발로,
Eye for eye , tooth for tooth , hand for hand , foot for foot ,
25. 데운 것은 데움으로, 상하게 한 것은 상함으로, 때린 것은 때림으로 갚을지니라
Burning for burning , wound for wound , stripe for stripe .
26. 사람이 그 남종의 한 눈이나 여종의 한 눈을 쳐서 상하게 하면 그 눈 대신에 그를 놓을 것이며
And if a man smite the eye of his servant , or the eye of his maid , that it perish ; he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake.
27. 그 남종의 한 이나 여종의 한 이를 쳐서 빠뜨리면 그 이 대신에 그를 놓을지니라
And if he smite out his manservant’s tooth , or his maidservant’s tooth ; he shall let him go free for his tooth’s sake.
28. 소가 남자나 여자를 받아서 죽이면 그 소는 반드시 돌에 맞아 죽을 것이요 그 고기는 먹지 말 것이며 임자는 형벌을 면하려니와
If an ox gore a man or a woman , that they die : then the ox shall be surely stoned , and his flesh shall not be eaten ; but the owner of the ox shall be quit .
29. 소는 본래 받는 버릇이 있고 그 임자는 그로 인하여 경고를 받았으되 단속하지 아니하므로 남녀 간에 받아 죽이면 그 소는 돌로 쳐 죽일 것이고 임자도 죽일 것이며
But if the ox were wont to push with his horn in time past , and it hath been testified to his owner , and he hath not kept him in, but that he hath killed a man or a woman ; the ox shall be stoned , and his owner also shall be put to death .
30. 만일 그에게 속죄금을 명하면 무릇 그 명한 것을 생명의 속으로 낼 것이요
If there be laid on him a sum of money , then he shall give for the ransom of his life whatsoever is laid upon him.
31. 아들을 받든지 딸을 받든지 이 율례대로 그 임자에게 행할 것이며
Whether he have gored a son , or have gored a daughter , according to this judgment shall it be done unto him.
32. 소가 만일 남종이나 여종을 받으면 소 임자가 은 삼십 세겔을 그 상전에게 줄 것이요 소는 돌에 맞아 죽을지니라
If the ox shall push a manservant or a maidservant ; he shall give unto their master thirty shekels of silver , and the ox shall be stoned .
33. 사람이 구덩이를 열어 두거나 구덩이를 파고 덮지 아니함으로 소나 나귀가 거기에 빠지면
And if a man shall open a pit , or if a man shall dig a pit , and not cover it, and an ox or an ass fall therein;
34. 그 구덩이 주인이 잘 조처하여 짐승의 임자에게 돈을 줄 것이요 죽은 것은 그의 차지가 될지니라
The owner of the pit shall make it good , and give money unto the owner of them; and the dead beast shall be his.
35. 이 사람의 소가 저 사람의 소를 받아 죽이면 산 소를 팔아 그 값을 반분하고 죽은 것도 반분하려니와
And if one man’s ox hurt another’s , that he die ; then they shall sell the live ox , and divide the money of it; and the dead ox also they shall divide .
36. 그 소가 본래 받는 버릇이 있는 줄을 알고도 그 임자가 단속하지 아니하였으면 그는 소로 소를 갚을 것이요 죽은 것은 그의 차지가 될지니라
Or if it be known that the ox hath used to push in time past , and his owner hath not kept him in; he shall surely pay ox for ox ; and the dead shall be his own.
■ 주석 보기
【출21:1 JFB】출21:1-6. Laws for Menservants.
1. judgments—rules for regulating the procedure of judges and magistrates in the decision of cases and the trial of criminals. The government of the Israelites being a theocracy, those public authorities were the servants of the Divine Sovereign, and subject to His direction. Most of these laws here noticed were primitive usages, founded on principles of natural equity, and incorporated, with modifications and improvements, in the Mosaic code.
【출21:1 CWC】[THE CIVIL CODE]
The ten commandments constitute the moral law, a perfect rule of duty for all men and everywhere. But the "judgments" (v. 1) that follow are an application of those commandments to Israel in the peculiar circumstances of their history at that time and when they should inhabit Canaan. The ten commandments, let us say, represent the constitution of the United States, and the "judgments" the legislative enactments based thereon by Congress.
The three chapters now entered upon have certain natural divisions, corresponding, though not in exact order, with the last seven commandments of the decalogue:
1. Laws of Servitude, 21:1-11.
This division refers to the duties of masters and servants, and is a natural expansion of the 5th commandment, the master being substituted for the parent.
It is slavery of a certain kind that is here dealt with, for it was common in those days when for centuries the rights of man had been beclouded by sin, and in the absence of a divine revelation. Heavenly reforms sometimes move slowly, and it was not God's purpose to immediately do away with this feature of social life, but to regulate, elevate in any other way. Compare 레25:93 and 신15:12.
Vv. 4-6. We can see the advantage of the wife and children remaining with the master in this case, since he doubtless was best able to support them. Moreover, he had rights in the case which should not be violated. But what provision is made for a happy solution of the problem? Behold in this servant whose ear is bored an affecting type of the willing obedience of the Lord Jesus Christ (시40:6-8)!
Vv. 7-1 1. If the maid-servant should not please her master in the sense that he espouse her, in what two ways are her rights guarded (8)? What acknowledged position would she have did she become the espoused of his son (9)? And how are the rights of this poor maiden guarded in this case as well (10, 11)? We are not to suppose that this law instituted either polygamy or concubinage, but finding it in existence it was permitted until the period was ripe for its extermination (마19:1-9).
2. Laws of Personal Security, 21:12-32.
This section is an expansion of the 6th commandment.
Vv. 11-14. What distinction is made between premeditated and unpremeditated murder? See 민35:9-32.
Vv. 23-25. This law of retaliation has been misunderstood as though it encouraged revenge, but it refers to the administration of justice at the hand of the magistrate (6).
3. Laws of Property, 21:33 to 22:15.
This section is an expansion of the 8th commandment.
"Breaking up" (22:2) should read as in the Revised Version "breaking in," which makes the sense plain
"Judge" all through these chapters is translated "God" in the Revised Version. Israel is a theocracy. Its supreme ruler is God. The magistrates represent and speak directly for Him. Thus will it be again in the millennium.
4. Laws of Conjugal Fidelity, 22:16-31.
This is an expansion of the 7th commandment, and yet its subject matter is miscellaneous. Murphy gives a unity to the verses by supposing the relation between God and His people to be symbolized by that of husband and wife, God being the avowed guardian and representative of the stranger, the widow and the orphan.
V. 28. The word "gods" should be "God," and it will be seen from the context that reviling rulers is regarded as reviling God (compare 롬13:1-7).
V. 29. "Liquors" has been rendered "the trickling juice of the vine."
Some things in this section are more fully explained in later Scriptures.
5. Laws of Veracity, 23:1-9.
This corresponds to the 9th commandment.
V. 3 means that one is not to countenance or favor a poor man in his cause just because he is poor, if the cause be unrighteous. Compare 레19:15.
6. Laws of Set Times, 23:10-19.
This corresponds to the 4th commandment.
What was the law for the land in the seventh year (11)? For what purpose was the spontaneous growth of that year to be used? How did the divine Legislator provide against an emergency of famine (레25:20-22)?
Note the moral advantages resulting from the observance of this law: (1) a check on avarice, (2) a stimulant to brotherly kindness and compassion, (3) a demonstration of human equality, (4) a cultivation of prudence and economy, (5) a sense of constant dependence upon God.
What are the three annual feasts (14-16)? Murphy compares them with the three elements of salvation: the passover with the atonement, pentecost with the new birth, the ingathering with pardon and its accompanying plentitude of blessing. What obligation is attached to these festivals?
V. 19, last sentence, is difficult, although the command itself is plain. It is in connection with sacrifice (18) -- has it therefore a symbolic meaning? Or was it to prevent the slaying and eating of the kid at too early a period? Or does the application bear simply on a barbarous and cruel action?
7. Laws of Pity, 23:20-33.
This is allied to the 10th commandment because of its reference to the service of Jehovah alone, who estimates the motive of men.
Whom have we seen to be meant by "the Angel" (20)? In what way have we seen His presence hitherto displayed? On what commission is He now sent? What shows His authority? Power? Dignity (21)? What are the blessings of obedience (22-27)? What precaution would God take in bringing them into possession of the land (28-30)? What final warning is given (32-33).
8. Ratifying the Covenant, 24.
At the beginning of this chapter we are introduced to the two sons of Aaron, soon to be associated with him in the priesthood and to have a sad ending nevertheless. With what words do the people accept the obligations imposed upon them (3)? What kind of an altar presumably did Moses build (v. 4 compared with 20:24-26)?
What provision is made for the careful transmission of the law (4)? What name is given to the book thus written (7)? By what solemn act is the covenant ratified (8)? Compare the marginal reference.
What sublime experience was granted to these representatives of Israel on the mount (10)? What this means, in the absence of further record, who can say! Why may we judge that they did not see the "face" of God (33:20-23)? Or any "similitude" of Him (신4:15)? What description is given of that which they did see?
How was God's mercy shown to them on this occasion (11)? How is their escape from death expressed in the last clause? Is not this escape explained by the covenant relationship with God into which they had now come? Was this relationship grounded on their keeping of the law or on the blood of propitiation that had been shed and sprinkled upon the people? What did this typify (롬3:19-25)? Compare also 히10:16-20.
What final seal to the authority of the law is now given (12)? What two individuals are here seen for a second time with Moses (13, 14)? What grandeur on the mount is now described (15-17)? What new event in Moses' experience (18)? The reason for this new event will come before us in the succeeding lesson.
【출21:1 MHCC】The laws in this chapter relate to the fifth and sixth commandments; and though they differ from our times and customs, nor are they binding on us, yet they explain the moral law, and the rules of natural justice. The servant, in the state of servitude, was an emblem of that state of bondage to sin, Satan, and the law, which man is brought into by robbing God of his glory, by the transgression of his precepts. Likewise in being made free, he was an emblem of that liberty wherewith Christ, the Son of God, makes free from bondage his people, who are free indeed; and made so freely, without money and without price, of free grace.
【출21:2 JFB】2-6. If thou buy an Hebrew servant—Every Israelite was free-born; but slavery was permitted under certain restrictions. An Hebrew might be made a slave through poverty, debt, or crime; but at the end of six years he was entitled to freedom, and his wife, if she had voluntarily shared his state of bondage, also obtained release. Should he, however, have married a female slave, she and the children, after the husband's liberation, remained the master's property; and if, through attachment to his family, the Hebrew chose to forfeit his privilege and abide as he was, a formal process was gone through in a public court, and a brand of servitude stamped on his ear (시40:6) for life, or at least till the Jubilee (신15:17).
【출21:7 JFB】출21:7-36. Laws for Maidservants.
7-11. if a man sell his daughter—Hebrew girls might be redeemed for a reasonable sum. But in the event of her parents or friends being unable to pay the redemption money, her owner was not at liberty to sell her elsewhere. Should she have been betrothed to him or his son, and either change their minds, a maintenance must be provided for her suitable to her condition as his intended wife, or her freedom instantly granted.
【출21:12 MHCC】God, who by his providence gives and maintains life, by his law protects it. A wilful murderer shall be taken even from God's altar. But God provided cities of refuge to protect those whose unhappiness it was, and not their fault, to cause the death of another; for such as by accident, when a man is doing a lawful act, without intent of hurt, happens to kill another. Let children hear the sentence of God's word upon the ungrateful and disobedient; and remember that God will certainly requite it, if they have ever cursed their parents, even in their hearts, or have lifted up their hands against them, except they repent, and flee for refuge to the Saviour. And let parents hence learn to be very careful in training up their children, setting them a good example, especially in the government of their passions, and in praying for them; taking heed not to provoke them to wrath. Through poverty the Israelites sometimes sold themselves or their children; magistrates sold some persons for their crimes, and creditors were in some cases allowed to sell their debtors who could not pay. But “man-stealing,” the object of which is to force another into slavery, is ranked in the New Testament with the greatest crimes. Care is here taken, that satisfaction be made for hurt done to a person, though death do not follow. The gospel teaches masters to forbear, and to moderate threatenings, 엡6:9, considering with Job, What shall I do, when God riseth up? 욥31:13, 14.
【출21:22 MHCC】The cases here mentioned give rules of justice then, and still in use, for deciding similar matters. We are taught by these laws, that we must be very careful to do no wrong, either directly or indirectly. If we have done wrong, we must be very willing to make it good, and be desirous that nobody may lose by us.
【출21:23 JFB】23-25. eye for eye—The law which authorized retaliation (a principle acted upon by all primitive people) was a civil one. It was given to regulate the procedure of the public magistrate in determining the amount of compensation in every case of injury, but did not encourage feelings of private revenge. The later Jews, however, mistook it for a moral precept, and were corrected by our Lord (마5:38-42).
【출21:28 JFB】28-36. If an ox gore a man or a woman, that they die—For the purpose of sanctifying human blood, and representing all injuries affecting life in a serious light, an animal that occasioned death was to be killed or suffer punishment proportioned to the degree of damage it had caused. Punishments are still inflicted on this principle in Persia and other countries of the East; and among a rude people greater effect is thus produced in inspiring caution, and making them keep noxious animals under restraint, than a penalty imposed on the owners.
【출21:30 JFB】30. If there be laid on him a sum of money, &c.—Blood fines are common among the Arabs as they were once general throughout the East. This is the only case where a money compensation, instead of capital punishment, was expressly allowed in the Mosaic law.
※ 일러두기
웹 브라우저 주소창에 'https://foreverorkr.tistory.com/pages/' 다음에 '창1' 처럼 성경 약자와 장 번호를 입력하면 해당 장으로 바로 이동할 수 있다. 상단의 '한글듣기'와 '영어듣기' 우측의 플레이 아이콘을 누르면 읽는 성경을 들으며 읽을 수 있다.(읽는 성경의 출처는 https://mp3bible.ca , https://www.wordproject.org 이다) 성경 번역본은 개역 한글과 킴제임스 버전(KJV)이다. 주석은 세 가지로 CWC는 Christian Workers' Commentary, MHCC는 Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, JFB는 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible을 의미한다.