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■ 사무엘상 21장
1. 다윗이 놉에 가서 제사장 아히멜렉에게 이르니 아히멜렉이 떨며 다윗을 영접하며 그에게 이르되 어찌하여 네가 홀로 있고 함께 하는 자가 아무도 없느냐
Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech the priest : and Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David , and said unto him, Why art thou alone, and no man with thee?
2. 다윗이 제사장 아히멜렉에게 이르되 왕이 내게 일을 명하고 이르시기를 내가 너를 보내는 바와 네게 명한 바 일의 아무 것이라도 사람에게 알게 하지 말라 하시기로 내가 나의 소년들을 여차여차한 곳으로 약정하였나이다
And David said unto Ahimelech the priest , The king hath commanded me a business , and hath said unto me, Let no man know any thing of the business whereabout I send thee, and what I have commanded thee: and I have appointed my servants to such and such a place .
3. 이제 당신의 수중에 무엇이 있나이까 떡 다섯 덩이나 무엇이든지 있는 대로 내 손에 주소서
Now therefore what is under thine hand ? give me five loaves of bread in mine hand , or what there is present .
4. 제사장이 다윗에게 대답하여 가로되 항용 떡은 내 수중에 없으나 거룩한 떡은 있나니 그 소년들이 부녀를 가까이만 아니하였으면 주리라
And the priest answered David , and said , There is no common bread under mine hand , but there is hallowed bread ; if the young men have kept themselves at least from women .
5. 다윗이 제사장에게 대답하여 가로되 우리가 참으로 삼 일 동안이나 부녀를 가까이 하지 아니하였나이다 나의 떠난 길이 보통 여행이라도 소년들의 그릇이 성결하겠거든 하물며 오늘날 그들의 그릇이 성결치 아니하겠나이까 하매
And David answered the priest , and said unto him, Of a truth women have been kept from us about these three days , since I came out , and the vessels of the young men are holy , and the bread is in a manner common , yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel .
6. 제사장이 그 거룩한 떡을 주었으니 거기는 진설병 곧 여호와 앞에서 물려 낸 떡밖에 없음이라 이 떡은 더운 떡을 드리는 날에 물려낸 것이더라
So the priest gave him hallowed bread: for there was no bread there but the shewbread , that was taken from before the Lord , to put hot bread in the day when it was taken away .
7. 그 날에 사울의 신하 한 사람이 여호와 앞에 머물러 있었는데 그는 도엑이라 이름하는 에돔 사람이요 사울의 목자장이었더라
Now a certain man of the servants of Saul was there that day , detained before the Lord ; and his name was Doeg , an Edomite , the chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul .
8. 다윗이 아히멜렉에게 이르되 여기 당신의 수중에 창이나 칼이 없나이까 왕의 일이 급하므로 내가 내 칼과 병기를 가지지 못하였나이다
And David said unto Ahimelech , And is there not here under thine hand spear or sword ? for I have neither brought my sword nor my weapons with me , because the king’s business required haste .
9. 제사장이 가로되 네가 엘라 골짜기에서 죽인 블레셋 사람 골리앗의 칼이 보자기에 싸여 에봇 뒤에 있으니 네가 그것을 가지려거든 가지라 여기는 그 밖에 다른 것이 없느니라 다윗이 가로되 그같은 것이 또 없나니 내게 주소서
And the priest said , The sword of Goliath the Philistine , whom thou slewest in the valley of Elah , behold, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod : if thou wilt take that, take it: for there is no other save that here . And David said , There is none like that; give it me.
10. 그 날에 다윗이 사울을 두려워하여 일어나 도망하여 가드 왕 아기스에게로 가니
And David arose , and fled that day for fear of Saul , and went to Achish the king of Gath .
11. 아기스의 신하들이 아기스에게 고하되 이는 그 땅의 왕 다윗이 아니니이까 무리가 춤추며 이 사람의 일을 창화하여 가로되 사울의 죽인 자는 천천이요 다윗은 만만이로다 하지 아니하였나이까 한지라
And the servants of Achish said unto him, Is not this David the king of the land ? did they not sing one to another of him in dances , saying , Saul hath slain his thousands , and David his ten thousands ?
12. 다윗이 이 말을 그 마음에 두고 가드 왕 아기스를 심히 두려워하여
And David laid up these words in his heart , and was sore afraid of Achish the king of Gath .
13. 그들의 앞에서 그 행동을 변하여 미친 체 하고 대문짝에 그적거리며 침을 수염에 흘리매
And he changed his behaviour before them, and feigned himself mad in their hands , and scrabbled on the doors of the gate , and let his spittle fall down upon his beard .
14. 아기스가 그 신하에게 이르되 너희도 보거니와 이 사람이 미치광이로다 어찌하여 그를 내게로 데려왔느냐
Then said Achish unto his servants , Lo, ye see the man is mad : wherefore then have ye brought him to me?
15. 내게 미치광이가 부족하여서 너희가 이 자를 데려다가 내 앞에서 미친 짓을 하게 하느냐 이 자가 어찌 내 집에 들어오겠느냐 하니라
Have I need of mad men , that ye have brought this fellow to play the mad man in my presence? shall this fellow come into my house ?
■ 주석 보기
【삼상21:1 JFB】삼상21:1-7. David, at Nob, Obtains of Ahimelech Hallowed Bread.
1. Then came David to Nob to Ahimelech—Nob, a city of the priests (삼상22:19), was in the neighborhood of Jerusalem, on the Mount of Olives—a little north of the top, and on the northeast of the city. It is computed to have been about five miles distant from Gibeah. Ahimelech, the same as Ahiah, or perhaps his brother, both being sons of Ahitub (compare 삼상14:3, with 삼상22:4-11, 20). His object in fleeing to this place was partly for the supply of his necessities, and partly for comfort and counsel, in the prospect of leaving the kingdom.
Ahimelech was afraid at the meeting of David—suspecting some extraordinary occurrence by his appearing so suddenly, and in such a style, for his attendants were left at a little distance.
【삼상21:1 CWC】[DAVID IN EXILE]
1. Deceiving the Priest, c. 21.
Nob was northeast of Jerusalem and about five miles from Gibeah. David's unexpected presence there, and alone, caused alarm (v. 1). His falsehood was unnecessary and wrong (v. 2), and is not commended of God (시119:29). "Hallowed bread" (v. 4) was the shew-bread in the tabernacle, of which we studied in Exodus and Leviticus. It was removed the day before the Sabbath when it became lawful for the priests to use it (레24:9). David might have it under the circumstances, if only he and his companions (supposed to be elsewhere) had complied with a requirement of the Levitical law. (Compare vv. 4 and 5 with 출19:15.)
The last clause of verse 5 is in the margin thus: "especially when this day there is other sanctified in the vessel." The idea is that it was the Sabbath, and the new bread having been put on the table, there was no risk in giving David of the old. (Compa계22:10 with 마12:3, 막2:25 and 눅6:3).
Doeg, the Edomite, was a proselyte of the Jewish religion and perhaps detained at Nob because of the law forbidding journeys on the Sabbath (v. 7).
David's going down to the Philistines at Gath (vv. 10-15) is unaccountable, except as he may have had special divine guidance. He was no longer safe in his own country. Go somewhere he must, and Philistia was the less of two evils.
2. Leading the Outlaws, c. 22.
The cave of Adullam (v. 1) has been identified as the present Deir-Dubbon, on the border of the Philistine plain and about six miles southwest from Bethlehem. It is a location of natural pits or vaults, some of them 15 to 20 feet deep.
It was undesirable for David to dwell in hiding if innocent, and if he desired to commend himself to the people as Saul's successor, hence God's advice (v. 3).
Saul's motive in seeking to arouse Benjamin against David of the tribe of Judah is not hard to find (vv. 6-8), but it is notable that the Edomite is the first to respond (vv. 9, 10).
Abimelech, whom Doeg gets into trouble, is innocent of wrong against the king. David seemed faithful; he was the king's son-in-law; why should he not aid him when he asked, seeing he knew nothing of the trouble (vv. 14, 15)?
But his plea is in vain, though only the Edomite would lift his hand against him (vv. 16-19). Compare 시52:1-3, and note that this slaughter of the priests was a fulfillment of the prophecy against Eli in an earlier lesson.
3. Defending a City, c. 23.
Keilah was southwest from Jerusalem and near the Philistine country, though not far from the wooded district of Hareth where David had located himself (22:5). The event now recorded seems to have occurred prior to the destruction of Nob, as we judge by comparing verse 6 with the closing verses of the preceding chapter.
How David inquired of the Lord (v. 2) is not stated, but is suggested by verse 8. We have seen what the "ephod" was, and know from 출28:26-30 that it contained the breastplate of the high priest in which was the mysterious "Urim and Thummim" by means of which God was pleased to communicate with His people (민27:21).
It will be interesting to read Psalm 31, which David is supposed to have written and which remarkably tallies with his experiences here.
4. Befriending the King, c. 24.
Engedi will be found southeast of Keilah on the Dead Sea.
The diversion in Saul's pursuit of David caused by the attack of the Philistines (23:27-29) has come to an end, and he is seeking him again.
"To cover his feet" (v. 5) means to go to sleep.
Notice David's wonderful self-restraint and the motive for it (vv. 4-6), which affords another illustration of his being "a man after God's own heart." (Read Psa. 142.)
The chapter affords a striking illustration of heaping coals of fire on an enemy's head with the promised result of overcoming evil with good (롬12:20, 21). But alas! the evil did not stay overcome, nor, if we may judge by the last verse, does David expect it will.
【삼상21:1 MHCC】David, in distress, fled to the tabernacle of God. It is great comfort in a day of trouble, that we have a God to go to, to whom we may open our cases, and from whom we may ask and expect direction. David told Ahimelech a gross untruth. What shall we say to this? The Scripture does not conceal it, and we dare not justify it; it was ill done, and proved of bad consequence; for it occasioned the death of the priests of the Lord. David thought upon it afterward with regret. David had great faith and courage, yet both failed him; he fell thus foully through fear and cowardice, and owing to the weakness of his faith. Had he trusted God aright, he would not have used such a sorry, sinful shift for his own preservation. It is written, not for us to do the like, no, not in the greatest straits, but for our warning. David asked of Ahimelech bread and a sword. Ahimelech supposed they might eat the shew-bread. The Son of David taught from it, that mercy is to be preferred to sacrifice; that ritual observances must give way to moral duties. Doeg set his foot as far within the tabernacle as David did. We little know with what hearts people come to the house of God, nor what use they will make of pretended devotion. If many come in simplicity of heart to serve their God, others come to observe their teachers and to prove accusers. Only God and the event can distinguish between a David and a Doeg, when both are in the tabernacle. (1Sa 21:10-15)
【삼상21:2 JFB】2. The king hath commanded me a business, and hath said unto me, Let no man know—This was a direct falsehood, extorted through fear. David probably supposed, like many other persons, that a lie is quite excusable which is told for the sole purpose of saving the speaker's life. But what is essentially sinful, can never, from circumstances, change its immoral character; and David had to repent of this vice of lying (시119:29).
【삼상21:4 JFB】4. there is hallowed bread—There would be plenty of bread in his house; but there was no time to wait for it. "The hallowed bread" was the old shew-bread, which had been removed the previous day, and which was reserved for the use of the priests alone (레24:9). Before entertaining the idea that this bread could be lawfully given to David and his men, the high priest seems to have consulted the oracle (삼상22:10) as to the course to be followed in this emergency. A dispensation to use the hallowed bread was specially granted by God Himself.
【삼상21:5 JFB】5. these three days—as required by law (출19:15). David and his attendants seem to have been lurking in some of the adjoining caves, to elude pursuit, and to have been, consequently, reduced to great extremities of hunger.
the bread is in a manner common—that is, now that it is no longer standing on the Lord's table. It is eaten by the priests, and may also, in our circumstances, be eaten by us.
yea, though it were sanctified this day in the vessel—that is, though the hallowed bread had been but newly placed on the vessel, the ritual ordinance would have to yield to the great law of necessity and mercy (see on 마12:3; also see 막2:25; Lu 6:3).
【삼상21:6 JFB】6. there was no bread there—in the tabernacle. The removal of the old and the substitution of the new bread was done on the Sabbath (레24:8), the loaves being kept warm in an oven heated the previous day.
【삼상21:7 JFB】7. Doeg, an Edomite—who had embraced the Hebrew religion.
detained before the Lord—at the tabernacle, perhaps, in the performance of a vow, or from its being the Sabbath, which rendered it unlawful for him to prosecute his journey.
the chiefest of the herdmen that belonged to Saul—Eastern monarchs anciently had large possessions in flocks and herds; and the office of the chief shepherd was an important one.
【삼상21:9 JFB】삼상21:9. He Takes Goliath's Sword.
9. sword of Goliath—(See on 삼상17:54).
behind the ephod—in the place allowed for keeping the sacred vestments, of which the ephod is mentioned as the chief. The giant's sword was deposited in that safe custody as a memorial of the divine goodness in delivering Israel.
There is none like that—not only for its size and superior temper, but for its being a pledge of the divine favor to him, and a constant stimulus to his faith.
【삼상21:10 JFB】삼상21:10-15. At Gath He Feigns Himself Mad.
10. David … fled … to Achish the king of Gath—which was one of the five principalities of the Philistines. In this place his person must have been known, and to venture into that country, he their greatest enemy, and with the sword of Goliath in his hand, would seem to have been a perilous experiment; but, doubtless, the protection he received implies that he had been directed by the divine oracle. Achish was generous (삼상27:6). He might wish to weaken the resources of Saul, and it was common in ancient times for great men to be harbored by neighboring princes.
【삼상21:10 MHCC】God's persecuted people have often found better usage from Philistines than from Israelites. David had reason to put confidence in Achish, yet he began to be afraid. His conduct was degrading, and discovered wavering in his faith and courage. The more simply we depend on God, and obey him, the more comfortably and surely we shall walk through this troublesome world.
【삼상21:13 JFB】13. feigned himself mad—It is supposed to have been an attack of epilepsy, real or perhaps only pretended. This disease is relieved by foaming at the mouth.
let his spittle fall down upon his beard—No wonder that Achish supposed him insane, as such an indignity, whether done by another, or one's self, to the beard, is considered in the East an intolerable insult.
※ 일러두기
웹 브라우저 주소창에 'https://foreverorkr.tistory.com/pages/' 다음에 '창1' 처럼 성경 약자와 장 번호를 입력하면 해당 장으로 바로 이동할 수 있다. 상단의 '한글듣기'와 '영어듣기' 우측의 플레이 아이콘을 누르면 읽는 성경을 들으며 읽을 수 있다.(읽는 성경의 출처는 https://mp3bible.ca , https://www.wordproject.org 이다) 성경 번역본은 개역 한글과 킴제임스 버전(KJV)이다. 주석은 세 가지로 CWC는 Christian Workers' Commentary, MHCC는 Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, JFB는 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible을 의미한다.