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■ 사무엘상 18장
1. 다윗이 사울에게 말하기를 마치매 요나단의 마음이 다윗의 마음과 연락되어 요나단이 그를 자기 생명 같이 사랑하니라
And it came to pass, when he had made an end of speaking unto Saul , that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David , and Jonathan loved him as his own soul .
2. 그 날에 사울은 다윗을 머무르게 하고 그 아비의 집으로 다시 돌아가기를 허락지 아니하였고
And Saul took him that day , and would let him go no more home to his father’s house .
3. 요나단은 다윗을 자기 생명 같이 사랑하여 더불어 언약을 맺었으며
Then Jonathan and David made a covenant , because he loved him as his own soul .
4. 요나단이 자기의 입었던 겉옷을 벗어 다윗에게 주었고 그 군복과 칼과 활과 띠도 그리하였더라
And Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David , and his garments , even to his sword , and to his bow , and to his girdle .
5. 다윗이 사울의 보내는 곳마다 가서 지혜롭게 행하매 사울이 그로 군대의 장을 삼았더니 온 백성이 합당히 여겼고 사울의 신하들도 합당히 여겼더라
And David went out whithersoever Saul sent him, and behaved himself wisely : and Saul set him over the men of war , and he was accepted in the sight of all the people , and also in the sight of Saul’s servants .
6. 무리가 돌아올 때 곧 다윗이 블레셋 사람을 죽이고 돌아올 때에 여인들이 이스라엘 모든 성에서 나와서 노래하며 춤추며 소고와 경쇠를 가지고 왕 사울을 환영하는데
And it came to pass as they came , when David was returned from the slaughter of the Philistine , that the women came out of all cities of Israel , singing and dancing , to meet king Saul , with tabrets , with joy , and with instruments of musick .
7. 여인들이 뛰놀며 창화하여 가로되 사울의 죽인 자는 천천이요 다윗은 만만이로다 한지라
And the women answered one another as they played , and said , Saul hath slain his thousands , and David his ten thousands .
8. 사울이 이 말에 불쾌하여 심히 노하여 가로되 다윗에게는 만만을 돌리고 내게는 천천만 돌리니 그의 더 얻을 것이 나라 밖에 무엇이냐 하고
And Saul was very wroth , and the saying displeased him; and he said , They have ascribed unto David ten thousands , and to me they have ascribed but thousands : and what can he have more but the kingdom ?
9. 그 날 후로 사울이 다윗을 주목하였더라
And Saul eyed David from that day and forward .
10. 그 이튿날 하나님의 부리신 악신이 사울에게 힘있게 내리매 그가 집 가운데서 야료하는고로 다윗이 평일과 같이 손으로 수금을 타는데 때에 사울의 손에 창이 있는지라
And it came to pass on the morrow , that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul , and he prophesied in the midst of the house : and David played with his hand , as at other times : and there was a javelin in Saul’s hand .
11. 그가 스스로 이르기를 내가 다윗을 벽에 박으리라 하고 그 창을 던졌으나 다윗이 그 앞에서 두 번 피하였더라
And Saul cast the javelin ; for he said , I will smite David even to the wall with it. And David avoided out of his presence twice .
12. 여호와께서 사울을 떠나 다윗과 함께 계시므로 사울이 그를 두려워한지라
And Saul was afraid of David , because the Lord was with him, and was departed from Saul .
13. 그러므로 사울이 그로 자기를 떠나게 하고 천부장을 삼으매 그가 백성 앞에 출입하며
Therefore Saul removed him from him, and made him his captain over a thousand ; and he went out and came in before the people .
14. 그 모든 일을 지혜롭게 행하니라 여호와께서 그와 함께 계시니라
And David behaved himself wisely in all his ways ; and the Lord was with him.
15. 사울이 다윗의 크게 지혜롭게 행함을 보고 그를 두려워하였으나
Wherefore when Saul saw that he behaved himself very wisely , he was afraid of him.
16. 온 이스라엘과 유다는 다윗을 사랑하였으니 그가 자기들 앞에 출입함을 인함이었더라
But all Israel and Judah loved David , because he went out and came in before them.
17. 사울이 다윗에게 이르되 내 맏딸 메랍을 네게 아내로 주리니 오직 너는 나를 위하여 용맹을 내어 여호와의 싸움을 싸우라 하니 이는 그가 생각하기를 내 손을 그에게 대지 말고 블레셋 사람의 손으로 그에게 대게 하리라 함이라
And Saul said to David , Behold my elder daughter Merab , her will I give thee to wife : only be thou valiant for me, and fight the Lord’s battles . For Saul said , Let not mine hand be upon him, but let the hand of the Philistines be upon him.
18. 다윗이 사울에게 이르되 내가 누구며 이스라엘 중에 내 친속이나 내 아비의 집이 무엇이관대 내가 왕의 사위가 되리이까 하였더니
And David said unto Saul , Who am I? and what is my life , or my father’s family in Israel , that I should be son in law to the king ?
19. 사울의 딸 메랍을 다윗에게 줄 시기에 므홀랏 사람 아드리엘에게 아내로 준바 되었더라
But it came to pass at the time when Merab Saul’s daughter should have been given to David , that she was given unto Adriel the Meholathite to wife .
20. 사울의 딸 미갈이 다윗을 사랑하매 혹이 사울에게 고한지라 사울이 그 일을 좋게 여겨
And Michal Saul’s daughter loved David : and they told Saul , and the thing pleased him.
21. 스스로 이르되 내가 딸을 그에게 주어서 그에게 올무가 되게 하고 블레셋 사람의 손으로 그를 치게 하리라 하고 이에 다윗에게 이르되 네가 오늘 다시 내 사위가 되리라 하니라
And Saul said , I will give him her, that she may be a snare to him, and that the hand of the Philistines may be against him. Wherefore Saul said to David , Thou shalt this day be my son in law in the one of the twain .
22. 사울이 그 신하들에게 명하되 너희는 다윗에게 비밀히 말하여 이르기를 보라 왕이 너를 기뻐하시고 모든 신하도 너를 사랑하나니 그런즉 네가 왕의 사위가 되는 것이 가하니라 하라
And Saul commanded his servants , saying, Commune with David secretly , and say , Behold, the king hath delight in thee, and all his servants love thee: now therefore be the king’s son in law .
23. 사울의 신하들이 이 말로 다윗의 귀에 고하매 다윗이 가로되 왕의 사위 되는 것을 너희는 경한 일로 보느냐 나는 가난하고 천한 사람이로라 한지라
And Saul’s servants spake those words in the ears of David . And David said , Seemeth it to you a light thing to be a king’s son in law , seeing that I am a poor man , and lightly esteemed ?
24. 사울의 신하들이 사울에게 고하여 가로되 다윗이 여차여차히 말하더이다
And the servants of Saul told him, saying , On this manner spake David .
25. 사울이 가로되 너희는 다윗에게 이같이 말하기를 왕이 아무 폐백도 원치 아니하고 다만 왕의 원수의 보족으로 블레셋 사람의 양피 일백을 원하신다 하라 하였으니 이는 사울의 생각에 다윗을 블레셋 사람의 손에 죽게 하리라 함이라
And Saul said , Thus shall ye say to David , The king desireth not any dowry , but an hundred foreskins of the Philistines , to be avenged of the king’s enemies . But Saul thought to make David fall by the hand of the Philistines .
26. 사울의 신하들이 이 말로 다윗에게 고하매 다윗이 왕의 사위 되는 것을 좋게 여기므로 만기가 되지 못하여서
And when his servants told David these words , it pleased David well to be the king’s son in law : and the days were not expired .
27. 다윗이 일어나서 그 종자와 함께 가서 블레셋 사람 이백 명을 죽이고 그 양피를 가져다가 수대로 왕께 드려 왕의 사위가 되고자 하니 사울이 그 딸 미갈을 다윗에게 아내로 주었더라
Wherefore David arose and went , he and his men , and slew of the Philistines two hundred men ; and David brought their foreskins , and they gave them in full tale to the king , that he might be the king’s son in law . And Saul gave him Michal his daughter to wife .
28. 여호와께서 다윗과 함께 계심을 사울이 보고 알았고 사울의 딸 미갈도 그를 사랑하므로
And Saul saw and knew that the Lord was with David , and that Michal Saul’s daughter loved him.
29. 사울이 다윗을 더욱 더욱 두려워하여 평생에 다윗의 대적이 되니라
And Saul was yet the more afraid of David ; and Saul became David’s enemy continually .
30. 블레셋 사람의 방백들이 나오면 그들의 나올 때마다 다윗이 사울의 모든 신하보다 더 지혜롭게 행하매 이에 그 이름이 심히 귀중히 되니라
Then the princes of the Philistines went forth : and it came to pass, after they went forth , that David behaved himself more wisely than all the servants of Saul ; so that his name was much set by .
■ 주석 보기
【삼상18:1 JFB】삼상18:1-4. Jonathan Loves David.
1. the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David—They were nearly of an age. The prince had taken little interest in David as a minstrel; but his heroism and modest, manly bearing, his piety and high endowments, kindled the flame not of admiration only, but of affection, in the congenial mind of Jonathan.
【삼상18:1 CWC】[DAVID BEFORE SAUL]
1. As a Minstrel, 16:14-23.
When it is said that "the Spirit of the Lord departed from Saul" (v. 14), we have a further illustration of the distinction between the Spirit coming on a man and the Spirit dwelling within him. In the latter case we do not think of His departing from him (요14:16; 롬11:29), but in the former He may do so for more than one reason, but especially when the man through disobedience has placed himself outside the pale where God cares to use him. As to "an evil Spirit from the Lord" troubling him, we are to regard it as a judgment upon him (see 삿9:23; 왕상22:15-23; Job 1 and 2; 고전5:1-5), in consequence of which he became "jealous, irritable, vindictive and subject to morbid melancholy." The ancients believed music had an influence in healing such disorders (v. 23).
It is easy to see why this providence came in the way of David (vv. 18-22), when we consider how it may have prepared him for his future position by acquainting him with the ways of the court and the business of government.
We are interested in the description of the young man David, by one who knew him well (v. 18). The word "servants" is "young men" in the Revised Version, indicating that it may have been one of his former chums. But how could David have been a "man of war"? If not on the battlefield as yet, nevertheless in his conflicts with wild beasts (17:34, et seq.), which demonstrated that he had the soldier in him when the time came.
2. As a Champion, 17:1-54.
This story is so familiar as to require little comment. The event occurred, according to the chronology in the margin of our Bibles, almost a quarter of a century after the victory over the Philistines at Michmash (c. 14), and when that old time enemy of Israel had again become bold. The place (Shocoh) seems to have been a town in the western section of the territory of Judah.
There is no explanation of David's prowess in the presence of this strong enemy (vv. 26, 32), save the supernatural enduement of God. It was not the temporal reward that moved him, but the desire that God be magnified. This is discovered in the faith evidenced in verse 37. His success had been God's success rather than his own and would continue so to be (v. 45). And yet works wrought with his faith, since he took not only his staff but five stones, not one alone. If one failed he had others (v. 40). Surely the description of him was true, he was "prudent in matters."
But why should David have brought the giant's head to Jerusalem (v. 54)? Probably because it was the nearest city, and hence the appropriate place of deposit for such a trophy. We learned (수15:63 and 삿1:21) that the Jebusites possessed this city, but probably that means only the fortress on Mount Zion, while the rest was in Israel's hands.
3. As a Courtier, 17:53-18:4.
We are not surprised to find David a favorite at Saul's court after this, but we are surprised that he does not identify him (vv. 55-58). In explanation, remember Saul's mental condition at times, as well as the fact that time had elapsed since David's minstrel days, and the ruddy youth may have changed into the bearded man. And as to Abner, he may have been absent from court when David had been there.
In the next chapter (18), we have the beginning of a friendship that has gone into history as one of the most beautiful among men.
Jonathan and David were doubtless nearly of an age and, although the former had taken no notice of the minstrel, the heroic though modest warrior had commanded his admiration and affection at once, and "he loved him as his own soul" (v. 3).
"To receive any part of the dress worn by a sovereign or his eldest son and heir, is deemed in the East the highest honor which can be conferred on a subject." (cf. v. 4 with 에6:8).
【삼상18:1 MHCC】The friendship of David and Jonathan was the effect of Divine grace, which produces in true believers one heart and one soul, and causes them to love each other. This union of souls is from partaking in the Spirit of Christ. Where God unites hearts, carnal matters are too weak to separate them. Those who love Christ as their own souls, will be willing to join themselves to him in an everlasting covenant. It was certainly a great proof of the power of God's grace in David, that he was able to bear all this respect and honour, without being lifted up above measure.
【삼상18:2 JFB】2. Saul would let him go no more home—He was established as a permanent resident at court.
【삼상18:3 JFB】3. Then Jonathan and David made a covenant—Such covenants of brotherhood are frequent in the East. They are ratified by certain ceremonies, and in presence of witnesses, that the persons covenanting will be sworn brothers for life.
【삼상18:4 JFB】4. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David—To receive any part of the dress which had been worn by a sovereign, or his eldest son and heir, is deemed, in the East, the highest honor which can be conferred on a subject (see on 에6:8). The girdle, being connected with the sword and the bow, may be considered as being part of the military dress, and great value is attached to it in the East.
【삼상18:5 JFB】삼상18:5-9. Saul Envies His Praise.
【삼상18:5 CWC】[DAVID AND JONATHAN]
1. Jealousy and Fear, c. 18.
Jonathan's love for David is put to a serious rest, but is found genuine.
On the homeward march from the victory over the Philistines, the women of Israel, following oriental custom, met the warriors and accompanied them along the road, singing and dancing. But their joy outran their judgment, so that they praised David more than their king. A better man than Saul could scarcely have resisted the temptation to envy, sinful as it was (vv. 6-9).
No wonder his malady returned and made him a murderer in his heart (vv. 10, 11). When it is said "he prophesied," it cannot be that he was the mouthpiece of God, but as the term denotes, one under the influence of either a good or bad spirit; the probability is he was in a kind of frenzy. In religious meetings, where some have professed miraculous tongues, a similar phenomenon has been witnessed. There has been prophesying, and some have supposed it was God speaking; but events have proven otherwise, for there are evil spirits in the universe as well as good, and, if possible, they would "deceive the very elect."
Saul would give David a military commission, but he would no longer retain him at the court (vv. 12, 13). The latter had merited the king's eldest daughter in marriage (17:25); but this is now forgotten and, like Jacob with Laban, he must do something more to obtain her. Nor is this enough (vv. 17-19). Another snare is set for him in the case of the younger daughter (vv 20-25), for to slay an hundred Philistines, in order to their circumcision, meant a hazard that might easily have resulted in his death.
No wonder Saul was afraid of him (v. 29), for supernatural power was exerted on his behalf continually, and nothing could prevent his accession to the throne. Of course the wisdom of his behavior, the self-control he showed in the face of danger, at Saul's hands, was equally the gift of God.
2. The Strategy of Love, c. 19.
The story of this chapter is plain. For the incident of verse 12, compare 수2:15. Michal's subterfuge (v. 17) is justifiable though its recital in the record is not necessarily a divine approval of it. Endeavor to find Ramah an the map, northeast of Jerusalem and a little south of Bethel The meaning of "prophesied" in verse 20, may be similar to that expressed above concerning Saul, and yet it is more likely "that the influence of the sacred exercises produced such an effect upon them that they were unable to discharge their commission, and were led by a resistless impulse to join in praising God." "Stripping off his clothes" (v. 24) is to be understood of his armor and outer robes, as he lay in a state of trance.
3. The Faithful Friend, c. 20.
The beginning of a new moon was celebrated by sacrifices and feasting at which all the family were expected to be present (v 5). But David's excuse for visiting his old home was a good one, since a "yearly sacrifice" seemed more important than a monthly one (v. 6).
Notice the renewal of the covenant between Jonathan and David at this time, and the projection of its terms beyond the lifetime of the former who, with a prophet's eye, saw the outcome of the struggle in which his father and his friend were engaged (vv. 12-17).
"Clean" (v. 26), has reference to some ceremonial law such as was studied in Leviticus. The reproach of Jonathan's mother (v. 30) was not a reflection upon her character necessarily, but a stronger way of insulting the son than to fling a charge against him personally. The phrase has been rendered "thou son of perverse rebellion," with the reference to "woman" omitted. The last expression of the verse is an oriental way of saying that the son's conduct would bring shame on the mother.
"Artillery" (v. 40) is "weapons" in the Revised Version. The French "artillerie" signifies "archery," a term still used in England of an association of archers who long since disused bows and arrows.
The closing verses are an affecting conclusion of a chapter in the lives of two of the best and greatest men who ever lived.
【삼상18:6 JFB】6. the women came out of all cities of Israel—in the homeward march from the pursuit of the Philistines. This is a characteristic trait of Oriental manners. On the return of friends long absent, and particularly on the return of a victorious army, bands of women and children issue from the towns and villages, to form a triumphal procession, to celebrate the victory, and, as they go along, to gratify the soldiers with dancing, instrumental music, and extempore songs, in honor of the generals who have earned the highest distinction by feats of gallantry. The Hebrew women, therefore, were merely paying the customary gratulations to David as the deliverer of their country, but they committed a great indiscretion by praising a subject at the expense of their sovereign.
【삼상18:6 MHCC】David's troubles not only immediately follow his triumphs, but arise from them; such is the vanity of that which seems greatest in this world. It is a sign that the Spirit of God is departed from men, if, like Saul, they are peevish, envious, suspicious, and ill-natured. Compare David, with his harp in his hand, aiming to serve Saul, and Saul, with his javelin in his hand, aiming to slay David; and observe the sweetness and usefulness of God's persecuted people, and the barbarity of their persecutors. But David's safety must be ascribed to God's providence.
【삼상18:9 JFB】9. Saul eyed David—that is, invidiously, with secret and malignant hatred.
【삼상18:10 JFB】삼상18:10-12. Seeks to Kill Him.
10. on the morrow, that the evil spirit from God came upon Saul—This rankling thought brought on a sudden paroxysm of his mental malady.
he prophesied—The term denotes one under the influence either of a good or a bad spirit. In the present it is used to express that Saul was in a frenzy. David, perceiving the symptoms, hastened, by the soothing strains of his harp, to allay the stormy agitation of the royal mind. But before its mollifying influence could be felt, Saul hurled a javelin at the head of the young musician.
there was a javelin in Saul's hand—Had it been followed by a fatal result, the deed would have been considered the act of an irresponsible maniac. It was repeated more than once ineffectually, and Saul became impressed with a dread of David as under the special protection of Providence.
【삼상18:12 MHCC】For a long time David was kept in continual apprehension of falling by the hand of Saul, yet he persevered in meek and respectful behaviour towards his persecutor. How uncommon is such prudence and discretion, especially under insults and provocations! Let us inquire if we imitate this part of the exemplary character before us. Are we behaving wisely in all our ways? Is there no sinful omission, no rashness of spirit, nothing wrong in our conduct? Opposition and perverseness in others, will not excuse wrong tempers in us, but should increase our care, and attention to the duties of our station. Consider Him that endured contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be weary and faint in your minds, 히12:3. If David magnified the honour of being son-in-law to king Saul, how should we magnify the honour of being sons to the King of kings!
【삼상18:13 JFB】삼상18:13-16. Fears Him for His Good Success.
13. Therefore Saul removed him from him—sent him away from the court, where the principal persons, including his own son, were spellbound with admiration of the young and pious warrior.
made him captain over a thousand—gave him a military commission, which was intended to be an honorable exile. But this post of duty served only to draw out before the public the extraordinary and varied qualities of his character, and to give him a stronger hold of the people's affections.
【삼상18:17 JFB】삼상18:17-21. He Offers Him His Daughter for a Snare.
17. Saul said to David, Behold my elder daughter Merab, her will I give thee to wife—Though bound to this already [삼상17:25], he had found it convenient to forget his former promise. He now holds it out as a new offer, which would tempt David to give additional proofs of his valor. But the fickle and perfidious monarch broke his pledge at the time when the marriage was on the eve of being celebrated, and bestowed Merab on another man (see on 삼하21:8); an indignity as well as a wrong, which was calculated deeply to wound the feelings and provoke the resentment of David. Perhaps it was intended to do so, that advantage might be taken of his indiscretion. But David was preserved from this snare.
【삼상18:20 JFB】20. Michal Saul's daughter loved David—This must have happened some time after.
they told Saul, and the thing pleased him—Not from any favor to David, but he saw that it would be turned to the advancement of his malicious purposes, and the more so when, by the artful intrigues and flattery of his spies, the loyal sentiments of David were discovered.
【삼상18:25 JFB】25. The king desireth not any dowry—In Eastern countries the husband purchases his wife either by gifts or services. As neither David nor his family were in circumstances to give a suitable dowry for a princess, the king intimated that he would be graciously pleased to accept some gallant deed in the public service.
a hundred foreskins of the Philistines—Such mutilations on the bodies of their slain enemies were commonly practised in ancient war, and the number told indicated the glory of the victory. Saul's willingness to accept a public service had an air of liberality, while his choice of so difficult and hazardous a service seemed only putting a proper value on gaining the hand of a king's daughter. But he covered unprincipled malice against David under this proposal, which exhibited a zeal for God and the covenant of circumcision.
【삼상18:26 JFB】26. the days were not expired—The period within which this exploit was to be achieved was not exhausted.
【삼상18:27 JFB】27. David … slew of the Philistines two hundred men—The number was doubled, partly to show his respect and attachment to the princess, and partly to oblige Saul to the fulfilment of his pledge.
【삼상18:29 JFB】29. Saul was yet the more afraid of David—because Providence had visibly favored him, by not only defeating the conspiracy against his life, but through his royal alliance paving his way to the throne.
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웹 브라우저 주소창에 'https://foreverorkr.tistory.com/pages/' 다음에 '창1' 처럼 성경 약자와 장 번호를 입력하면 해당 장으로 바로 이동할 수 있다. 상단의 '한글듣기'와 '영어듣기' 우측의 플레이 아이콘을 누르면 읽는 성경을 들으며 읽을 수 있다.(읽는 성경의 출처는 https://mp3bible.ca , https://www.wordproject.org 이다) 성경 번역본은 개역 한글과 킴제임스 버전(KJV)이다. 주석은 세 가지로 CWC는 Christian Workers' Commentary, MHCC는 Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, JFB는 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible을 의미한다.