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■ 레위기 13장
1. 여호와께서 모세와 아론에게 일러 가라사대
And the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron , saying ,
2. 사람의 피부에 무엇이 돋거나 딱지가 앉거나 색점이 생겨서 그 피부에 문둥병 같이 되거든 곧 제사장 아론에게나 그 자손 중 한 제사장에게로 데리고 갈 것이요
When a man shall have in the skin of his flesh a rising , a scab , or bright spot , and it be in the skin of his flesh like the plague of leprosy ; then he shall be brought unto Aaron the priest , or unto one of his sons the priests :
3. 제사장은 그 피부의 병을 진찰할지니 환처의 털이 희어졌고 환처가 피부보다 우묵하여졌으면 이는 문둥병의 환처라 제사장이 진단하여 그를 부정하다 할 것이요
And the priest shall look on the plague in the skin of the flesh : and when the hair in the plague is turned white , and the plague in sight be deeper than the skin of his flesh , it is a plague of leprosy : and the priest shall look on him, and pronounce him unclean .
4. 피부에 색점이 희나 우묵하지 아니하고 그 털이 희지 아니하면 제사장은 그 환자를 칠 일동안 금고할 것이며
If the bright spot be white in the skin of his flesh , and in sight be not deeper than the skin , and the hair thereof be not turned white ; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague seven days :
5. 칠 일만에 제사장이 그를 진찰할지니 그의 보기에 그 환처가 변하지 아니하고 병색이 피부에 퍼지지 아니하였으면 제사장이 그를 또 칠 일 동안을 금고할 것이며
And the priest shall look on him the seventh day : and, behold, if the plague in his sight be at a stay , and the plague spread not in the skin ; then the priest shall shut him up seven days more :
6. 칠 일만에 제사장이 또 진찰할지니 그 환처가 엷어졌고 병색이 피부에 퍼지지 아니하였으면 피부병이라 제사장이 그를 정하다 할 것이요 그는 옷을 빨 것이라 그리하면 정하리라
And the priest shall look on him again the seventh day : and, behold, if the plague be somewhat dark , and the plague spread not in the skin , the priest shall pronounce him clean : it is but a scab : and he shall wash his clothes , and be clean .
7. 그러나 정결한 여부를 위하여 제사장에게 보인 후에 병이 피부에 퍼지면 제사장에게 다시 보일 것이요
But if the scab spread much abroad in the skin , after that he hath been seen of the priest for his cleansing , he shall be seen of the priest again :
8. 제사장은 진찰할지니 그 병이 피부에 퍼졌으면 그를 부정하다 진단할 것이라 이는 문둥병임이니라
And if the priest see that, behold, the scab spreadeth in the skin , then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a leprosy .
9. 사람에게 문둥병이 들었거든 그를 제사장에게로 데려갈 것이요
When the plague of leprosy is in a man , then he shall be brought unto the priest ;
10. 제사장은 진찰할지니 피부에 흰 점이 돋고 털이 희어지고 거기 난육이 생겼으면
And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the rising be white in the skin , and it have turned the hair white , and there be quick raw flesh in the rising ;
11. 이는 그의 피부의 오랜 문둥병이라 제사장이 부정하다 진단할 것이요 그가 이미 부정하였은즉 금고하지는 않을 것이며
It is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh , and the priest shall pronounce him unclean , and shall not shut him up: for he is unclean .
12. 제사장의 보기에 문둥병이 그 피부에 크게 발하였으되 그 환자의 머리부터 발까지 퍼졌거든
And if a leprosy break out abroad in the skin , and the leprosy cover all the skin of him that hath the plague from his head even to his foot , wheresoever the priest looketh ;
13. 그가 진찰할 것이요 문둥병이 과연 그 전신에 퍼졌으면 그 환자를 정하다 할지니 다 희어진 자인즉 정하거니와
Then the priest shall consider : and, behold, if the leprosy have covered all his flesh , he shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague : it is all turned white : he is clean .
14. 아무 때든지 그에게 난육이 발생하면 그는 부정한즉
But when raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean .
15. 제사장이 난육을 보고 그를 부정하다 진단할지니 그 난육은 부정한 것인즉 이는 문둥병이며
And the priest shall see the raw flesh , and pronounce him to be unclean : for the raw flesh is unclean : it is a leprosy .
16. 그 난육이 변하여 다시 희어지면 제사장에게로 갈 것이요
Or if the raw flesh turn again , and be changed unto white , he shall come unto the priest ;
17. 제사장은 그를 진찰하여서 그 환처가 희어졌으면 환자를 정하다 할지니 그는 정하니라
And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the plague be turned into white ; then the priest shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague : he is clean .
18. 피부에 종기가 생겼다가 나았고
The flesh also, in which , even in the skin thereof, was a boil , and is healed ,
19. 그 종처에 흰 점이 돋거나 희고 불그스름한 색점이 생겼으면 제사장에게 보일 것이요
And in the place of the boil there be a white rising , or a bright spot , white , and somewhat reddish , and it be shewed to the priest ;
20. 그는 진찰하여 피부보다 얕고 그 털이 희면 그를 부정하다 진단할지니 이는 종기로 된 문둥병의 환처임이니라
And if, when the priest seeth it, behold, it be in sight lower than the skin , and the hair thereof be turned white ; the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a plague of leprosy broken out of the boil .
21. 그러나 제사장의 보기에 거기 흰 털이 없고 피부보다 얕지 아니하고 빛이 엷으면 제사장은 그를 칠 일 동안 금고할 것이며
But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs therein, and if it be not lower than the skin , but be somewhat dark ; then the priest shall shut him up seven days :
22. 그 병이 크게 피부에 퍼졌으면 제사장은 그를 부정하다 진단할지니 이는 그 환처임이니라
And if it spread much abroad in the skin , then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a plague .
23. 그러나 그 색점이 여전하고 퍼지지 아니하였으면 이는 종기 흔적이니 제사장은 그를 정하다 진단할지니라
But if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not, it is a burning boil ; and the priest shall pronounce him clean .
24. 피부를 불에 데었는데 그 덴 곳에 불그스름하고 희거나 순전히 흰 색점이 생기면
Or if there be any flesh , in the skin whereof there is a hot burning , and the quick flesh that burneth have a white bright spot , somewhat reddish , or white ;
25. 제사장은 진찰할지니 그 색점의 털이 희고 그 자리가 피부보다 우묵하면 이는 화상에서 발한 문둥병인즉 제사장은 그를 부정하다 할 것은 문둥병의 환처가 됨이니라
Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the hair in the bright spot be turned white , and it be in sight deeper than the skin ; it is a leprosy broken out of the burning : wherefore the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is the plague of leprosy .
26. 그러나 제사장의 보기에 그 색점에 흰 털이 없으며 그 자리가 피부보다 얕지 아니하고 빛이 엷으면 그는 그를 칠 일동안 금고할 것이며
But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hair in the bright spot , and it be no lower than the other skin , but be somewhat dark ; then the priest shall shut him up seven days :
27. 칠 일만에 제사장이 그를 진찰할지니 만일 병이 크게 피부에 퍼졌으면 그는 그를 부정하다 진단할 것은 문둥병의 환처임이니라
And the priest shall look upon him the seventh day : and if it be spread much abroad in the skin , then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is the plague of leprosy .
28. 만일 색점이 여전하여 피부에 퍼지지 아니하고 빛이 엷으면 화상으로 부은 것이니 제사장은 그를 정하다 할 것은 이는 화상의 흔적임이니라
And if the bright spot stay in his place, and spread not in the skin , but it be somewhat dark ; it is a rising of the burning , and the priest shall pronounce him clean : for it is an inflammation of the burning .
29. 남자나 여자의 머리에나 수염에 환처가 있으면
If a man or woman have a plague upon the head or the beard ;
30. 제사장은 진찰할지니 환처가 피부보다 우묵하고 그 자리에 누르고 가는 털이 있으면 그는 그를 부정하다 할 것은 이는 옴이라 머리에나 수염에 발한 문둥병임이니라
Then the priest shall see the plague : and, behold, if it be in sight deeper than the skin ; and there be in it a yellow thin hair ; then the priest shall pronounce him unclean : it is a dry scall , even a leprosy upon the head or beard .
31. 만일 제사장의 보기에 그 옴의 환처가 피부보다 우묵하지 아니하고 그 자리에 검은 털이 없으면 제사장은 그 옴 환자를 칠 일 동안 금고할 것이며
And if the priest look on the plague of the scall , and, behold, it be not in sight deeper than the skin , and that there is no black hair in it; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the plague of the scall seven days :
32. 칠 일만에 제사장은 그 환처를 진찰할지니 그 옴이 퍼지지 아니하고 그 자리에 누른 털이 없고 피부보다 우묵하지 아니하거든
And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the plague : and, behold, if the scall spread not, and there be in it no yellow hair , and the scall be not in sight deeper than the skin ;
33. 그는 모발을 밀되 환처는 밀지 말 것이요 제사장은 옴 환자를 또 칠 일 동안 금고할 것이며
He shall be shaven , but the scall shall he not shave ; and the priest shall shut up him that hath the scall seven days more :
34. 칠 일만에 제사장은 그 옴을 또 진찰할지니 그 옴이 피부에 퍼지지 아니하고 피부보다 우묵하지 아니하면 그는 그를 정하다 진단할 것이요 그는 그 옷을 빨지니 정하려니와
And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the scall : and, behold, if the scall be not spread in the skin , nor be in sight deeper than the skin ; then the priest shall pronounce him clean : and he shall wash his clothes , and be clean .
35. 깨끗한 후에라도 옴이 크게 피부에 퍼지면
But if the scall spread much in the skin after his cleansing ;
36. 제사장은 그를 진찰할지니 과연 옴이 피부에 퍼졌으면 누른 털을 찾을 것 없이 그는 부정하니라
Then the priest shall look on him: and, behold, if the scall be spread in the skin , the priest shall not seek for yellow hair ; he is unclean .
37. 그러나 제사장의 보기에 옴이 여전하고 그 자리에 검은 털이 났으면 그 옴은 나았고 그 사람은 정하니 제사장은 그를 정하다 진단할지니라
But if the scall be in his sight at a stay , and that there is black hair grown up therein; the scall is healed , he is clean : and the priest shall pronounce him clean .
38. 남자나 여자의 피부에 색점 곧 흰 색점이 있으면
If a man also or a woman have in the skin of their flesh bright spots , even white bright spots ;
39. 제사장은 진찰할지니 그 피부의 색점이 부유스름하면 이는 피부에 발한 어루러기라 그는 정하니라
Then the priest shall look : and, behold, if the bright spots in the skin of their flesh be darkish white ; it is a freckled spot that groweth in the skin ; he is clean .
40. 누구든지 그 머리털이 빠지면 그는 대머리니 정하고
And the man whose hair is fallen off his head , he is bald ; yet is he clean .
41. 앞머리가 빠져도 그는 이마 대머리니 정하니라
And he that hath his hair fallen off from the part of his head toward his face , he is forehead bald : yet is he clean .
42. 그러나 대머리나 이마 대머리에 희고 불그스름한 색점이 있으면 이는 문둥병이 대머리에나 이마 대머리에 발함이라
And if there be in the bald head , or bald forehead , a white reddish sore ; it is a leprosy sprung up in his bald head , or his bald forehead .
43. 제사장은 그를 진찰할지니 그 대머리에나 이마 대머리에 돋은 색점이 희고 불그스름하여 피부에 발한 문둥병과 같으면
Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the rising of the sore be white reddish in his bald head , or in his bald forehead , as the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh ;
44. 이는 문둥 환자라 부정하니 제사장은 그를 부정하다 확실히 진단할 것은 그 환처가 그 머리에 있음이니라
He is a leprous man , he is unclean : the priest shall pronounce him utterly unclean ; his plague is in his head .
45. 문둥 환자는 옷을 찢고 머리를 풀며 윗 입술을 가리우고 외치기를 부정하다 부정하다 할 것이요
And the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent , and his head bare , and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip , and shall cry , Unclean , unclean .
46. 병 있는 날 동안은 늘 부정할 것이라 그가 부정한즉 혼자 살되 진 밖에 살지니라
All the days wherein the plague shall be in him he shall be defiled ; he is unclean : he shall dwell alone ; without the camp shall his habitation be.
47. 만일 의복에 문둥병 색점이 발하여 털옷에나 베옷에나
The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in, whether it be a woollen garment , or a linen garment ;
48. 베나 털의 날에나 씨에나 혹 가죽에나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것에 있되
Whether it be in the warp , or woof ; of linen , or of woollen ; whether in a skin , or in any thing made of skin ;
49. 그 의복에나 가죽에나 그 날에나 씨에나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것에 병색이 푸르거나 붉으면 이는 문둥병의 색점이라 제사장에게 보일 것이요
And if the plague be greenish or reddish in the garment , or in the skin , either in the warp , or in the woof , or in any thing of skin ; it is a plague of leprosy , and shall be shewed unto the priest :
50. 제사장은 그 색점을 살피고 그것을 칠 일 동안 간직하였다가
And the priest shall look upon the plague , and shut up it that hath the plague seven days :
51. 칠 일만에 그 색점을 살필지니 그 색점이 그 의복의 날에나 씨에나 가죽에나 가죽으로 만든 것에 퍼졌으면 이는 악성 문둥병이라 그것이 부정하니
And he shall look on the plague on the seventh day : if the plague be spread in the garment , either in the warp , or in the woof , or in a skin , or in any work that is made of skin ; the plague is a fretting leprosy ; it is unclean .
52. 그는 그 색점 있는 의복이나 털이나 베의 날이나 씨나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것을 불사를지니 이는 악성 문둥병인즉 그것을 불사를지니라
He shall therefore burn that garment , whether warp or woof , in woollen or in linen , or any thing of skin , wherein the plague is: for it is a fretting leprosy ; it shall be burnt in the fire .
53. 그러나 제사장의 보기에 그 색점이 그 의복의 날에나 씨에나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것에 퍼지지 아니하였으면
And if the priest shall look , and, behold, the plague be not spread in the garment , either in the warp , or in the woof , or in any thing of skin ;
54. 제사장은 명하여 그 색점 있는 것을 빨게하고 또 칠 일 동안 간직하였다가
Then the priest shall command that they wash the thing wherein the plague is, and he shall shut it up seven days more :
55. 그 빤 곳을 볼지니 그 색점의 빛이 변치 아니하고 그 색점이 퍼지지 아니하였으면 부정하니 너는 그것을 불사르라 이는 거죽에 있든지 속에 있든지 악성 문둥병이니라
And the priest shall look on the plague , after that it is washed : and, behold, if the plague have not changed his colour , and the plague be not spread ; it is unclean ; thou shalt burn it in the fire ; it is fret inward, whether it be bare within or without .
56. 빤 후에 제사장의 보기에 그 색점이 엷으면 그 의복에서나 가죽에서나 그 날에서나 씨에서나 그 색점을 찢어 버릴 것이요
And if the priest look , and, behold, the plague be somewhat dark after the washing of it; then he shall rend it out of the garment , or out of the skin , or out of the warp , or out of the woof :
57. 그 의복의 날에나 씨에나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것에 색점이 여전히 보이면 복발하는 것이니 너는 그 색점있는 것을 불사를지니라
And if it appear still in the garment , either in the warp , or in the woof , or in any thing of skin ; it is a spreading plague: thou shalt burn that wherein the plague is with fire .
58. 네가 빤 의복의 날에나 씨에나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것에 그 색점이 벗어졌으면 그것을 다시 빨아야 정하리라
And the garment , either warp , or woof , or whatsoever thing of skin it be, which thou shalt wash , if the plague be departed from them, then it shall be washed the second time, and shall be clean .
59. 이는 털옷에나 베옷에나 그 날에나 씨에나 무릇 가죽으로 만든 것에 발한 문둥병 색점의 정하고 부정한 것을 단정하는 규례니라
This is the law of the plague of leprosy in a garment of woollen or linen , either in the warp , or woof , or any thing of skins , to pronounce it clean , or to pronounce it unclean .
■ 주석 보기
【레13:1 JFB】레13:1-59. The Laws and Tokens in Discerning Leprosy.
【레13:1 MHCC】The plague of leprosy was an uncleanness, rather than a disease. Christ is said to cleanse lepers, not to cure them. Common as the leprosy was among the Hebrews, during and after their residence in Egypt, we have no reason to believe that it was known among them before. Their distressed state and employment in that land must have rendered them liable to disease. But it was a plague often inflicted immediately by the hand of God. Miriam's leprosy, and Gehazi's, and king Uzziah's, were punishments of particular sins; no marvel there was care taken to distinguish it from a common distemper. The judgment of it was referred to the priests. And it was a figure of the moral pollutions of men's minds by sin, which is the leprosy of the soul, defiling to the conscience, and from which Christ alone can cleanse. The priest could only convict the leper, (by the law is the knowledge of sin,) but Christ can cure the sinner, he can take away sin. It is a work of great importance, but of great difficulty, to judge of our spiritual state. We all have cause to suspect ourselves, being conscious of sores and spots; but whether clean or unclean is the question. As there were certain marks by which to know it was leprosy, so there are marks of such as are in the gall of bitterness. The priest must take time in making his judgment. This teaches all, both ministers and people, not to be hasty in censures, nor to judge anything before the time. If some men's sins go before unto judgment, the sins of others follow after, and so do men's good works. If the person suspected were found to be clean, yet he must wash his clothes, because there had been ground for the suspicion. We have need to be washed in the blood of Christ from our spots, though not leprosy spots; for who can say, I am pure from sin?
【레13:2 JFB】2. When a man shall have in the skin, &c.—The fact of the following rules for distinguishing the plague of leprosy being incorporated with the Hebrew code of laws, proves the existence of the odious disease among that people. But a short time, little more than a year (if so long a period had elapsed since the exodus) when symptoms of leprosy seem extensively to have appeared among them; and as they could not be very liable to such a cutaneous disorder amid their active journeyings and in the dry open air of Arabia, the seeds of the disorder must have been laid in Egypt, where it has always been endemic. There is every reason to believe that this was the case: that the leprosy was not a family complaint, hereditary among the Hebrews, but that they got it from intercourse with the Egyptians and from the unfavorable circumstances of their condition in the house of bondage. The great excitement and irritability of the skin in the hot and sandy regions of the East produce a far greater predisposition to leprosy of all kinds than in cooler temperatures; and cracks or blotches, inflammations or even contusions of the skin, very often lead to these in Arabia and Palestine, to some extent, but particularly in Egypt. Besides, the subjugated and distressed state of the Hebrews in the latter country, and the nature of their employment, must have rendered them very liable to this as well as to various other blemishes and misaffections of the skin; in the production of which there are no causes more active or powerful than a depressed state of body and mind, hard labor under a burning sun, the body constantly covered with the excoriating dust of brick fields, and an impoverished diet—to all of which the Israelites were exposed while under the Egyptian bondage. It appears that, in consequence of these hardships, there was, even after they had left Egypt, a general predisposition among the Hebrews to the contagious forms of leprosy—so that it often occurred as a consequence of various other affections of the skin. And hence all cutaneous blemishes or blains—especially such as had a tendency to terminate in leprosy—were watched with a jealous eye from the first [Good, Study of Medicine]. A swelling, a pimple, or bright spot on the skin, created a strong ground of suspicion of a man's being attacked by the dreaded disease.
then he shall be brought unto Aaron the priest, &c.—Like the Egyptian priests, the Levites united the character of physician with that of the sacred office; and on the appearance of any suspicious eruptions on the skin, the person having these was brought before the priest—not, however, to receive medical treatment, though it is not improbable that some purifying remedies might be prescribed, but to be examined with a view to those sanitary precautions which it belonged to legislation to adopt.
【레13:3 JFB】3-6. the priest shall look on the plague in the skin of the flesh, &c.—The leprosy, as covering the person with a white, scaly scurf, has always been accounted an offensive blemish rather than a serious malady in the East, unless when it assumed its less common and malignant forms. When a Hebrew priest, after a careful inspection, discovered under the cutaneous blemish the distinctive signs of contagious leprosy, the person was immediately pronounced unclean, and is supposed to have been sent out of the camp to a lazaretto provided for that purpose. If the symptoms appeared to be doubtful, he ordered the person to be kept in domestic confinement for seven days, when he was subjected to a second examination; and if during the previous week the eruption had subsided or appeared to be harmless, he was instantly discharged. But if the eruption continued unabated and still doubtful, he was put under surveillance another week; at the end of which the character of the disorder never failed to manifest itself, and he was either doomed to perpetual exclusion from society or allowed to go at large. A person who had thus been detained on suspicion, when at length set at liberty, was obliged to "wash his clothes," as having been tainted by ceremonial pollution; and the purification through which he was required to go was, in the spirit of the Mosaic dispensation, symbolical of that inward purity it was instituted to promote.
【레13:7 JFB】7, 8. But if the scab spread much abroad in the skin—Those doubtful cases, when they assumed a malignant character, appeared in one of two forms, apparently according to the particular constitution of the skin or of the habit generally. The one was "somewhat dark" [레13:6]—that is, the obscure or dusky leprosy, in which the natural color of the hair (which in Egypt and Palestine is black) is not changed, as is repeatedly said in the sacred code, nor is there any depression in the dusky spot, while the patches, instead of keeping stationary to their first size, are perpetually enlarging their boundary. The patient laboring under this form was pronounced unclean by the Hebrew priest or physician, and hereby sentenced to a separation from his family and friends—a decisive proof of its being contagious.
【레13:9 JFB】9-37. if the rising be white—This BRIGHT WHITE leprosy is the most malignant and inveterate of all the varieties the disease exhibits, and it was marked by the following distinctive signs: A glossy white and spreading scale, upon an elevated base, the elevation depressed in the middle, but without a change of color; the black hair on the patches participating in the whiteness, and the scaly patches themselves perpetually enlarging their boundary. Several of these characteristics, taken separately, belong to other blemishes of the skin as well; so that none of them was to be taken alone, and it was only when the whole of them concurred that the Jewish priest, in his capacity of physician, was to pronounce the disease a malignant leprosy. If it spread over the entire frame without producing any ulceration, it lost its contagious power by degrees; or, in other words, it ran through its course and exhausted itself. In that case, there being no longer any fear of further evil, either to the individual himself or to the community, the patient was declared clean by the priest, while the dry scales were yet upon him, and restored to society. If, on the contrary, the patches ulcerated and quick or fungous flesh sprang up in them, the purulent matter of which, if brought into contact with the skin of other persons, would be taken into the constitution by means of absorbent vessels, the priest was at once to pronounce it an inveterate leprosy. A temporary confinement was them declared to be totally unnecessary, and he was regarded as unclean for life [Dr. Good]. Other skin affections, which had a tendency to terminate in leprosy, though they were not decided symptoms when alone, were: "a boil" (레13:18-23); "a hot burning,"—that is, a fiery inflammation or carbuncle (레13:24-28); and "a dry scall" (레13:29-37), when the leprosy was distinguished by being deeper than the skin and the hair became thin and yellow.
【레13:18 MHCC】The priest is told what judgment to make, if there were any appearance of a leprosy in old sores; and such is the danger of those who having escaped the pollutions of the world are again entangled therein. Or, in a burn by accident, ver. #(24). The burning of strife and contention often occasions the rising and breaking out of that corruption, which proves that men are unclean. Human life lies exposed to many grievances. With what troops of diseases are we beset on every side; and thy all entered by sin! If the constitution be healthy, and the body lively and easy, we are bound to glorify God with our bodies. Particular note was taken of the leprosy, if in the head. If the leprosy of sin has seized the head; if the judgment be corrupted, and wicked principles, which support wicked practices, are embraced, it is utter uncleanness, from which few are cleansed. Soundness in the faith keeps leprosy from the head.
【레13:38 JFB】38, 39. If a man … or a woman have in the skin of their flesh bright spots—This modification of the leprosy is distinguished by a dull white color, and it is entirely a cutaneous disorder, never injuring the constitution. It is described as not penetrating below the skin of the flesh and as not rendering necessary an exclusion from society. It is evident, then, that this common form of leprosy is not contagious; otherwise Moses would have prescribed as strict a quarantine in this as in the other cases. And hereby we see the great superiority of the Mosaic law (which so accurately distinguished the characteristics of the leprosy and preserved to society the services of those who were laboring under the uncontagious forms of the disease) over the customs and regulations of Eastern countries in the present day, where all lepers are indiscriminately proscribed and are avoided as unfit for free intercourse with their fellow men.
【레13:40 JFB】40, 41. bald … forehead bald—The falling off of the hair, when the baldness commences in the back part of the head, is another symptom which creates a suspicion of leprosy. But it was not of itself a decisive sign unless taken in connection with other tokens, such as a "sore of a reddish white color" [레13:43]. The Hebrews as well as other Orientals were accustomed to distinguish between the forehead baldness, which might be natural, and that baldness which might be the consequence of disease.
【레13:45 JFB】45. the leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, &c.—The person who was declared affected with the leprosy forthwith exhibited all the tokens of suffering from a heavy calamity. Rending garments and uncovering the head were common signs of mourning. As to "the putting a covering upon the upper lip," that means either wearing a moustache, as the Hebrews used to shave the upper lip [Calmet], or simply keeping a hand over it. All these external marks of grief were intended to proclaim, in addition to his own exclamation "Unclean!" that the person was a leper, whose company every one must shun.
【레13:45 MHCC】When the priest had pronounced the leper unclean, it put a stop to his business in the world, cut him off from his friends and relations, and ruined all the comfort he could have in the world. He must humble himself under the mighty hand of God, not insisting upon his cleanness, when the priest had pronounced him unclean, but accepting the punishment. Thus must we take to ourselves the shame that belongs to us, and with broken hearts call ourselves “Unclean, unclean;” heart unclean, life unclean; unclean by original corruption, unclean by actual transgression; unclean, therefore deserving to be for ever shut out from communion with God, and all hope of happiness in him; unclean, therefore undone, if infinite mercy do not interpose. The leper must warn others to take heed of coming near him. He must then be shut out of the camp, and afterward, when they came to Canaan, be shut out of the city, town, or village where he lived, and dwell with none but those that were lepers like himself. This typified the purity which ought to be in the gospel church.
【레13:46 JFB】46. he shall dwell alone; without the camp—in a lazaretto by himself, or associated with other lepers (왕하7:3, 8).
【레13:47 JFB】47-59. The garment … that the … leprosy is in—It is well known that infectious diseases, such as scarlet fever, measles, the plague, are latently imbibed and carried by the clothes. But the language of this passage clearly indicates a disease to which clothes themselves were subject, and which was followed by effects on them analogous to those which malignant leprosy produces on the human body—for similar regulations were made for the rigid inspection of suspected garments by a priest as for the examination of a leprous person. It has long been conjectured and recently ascertained by the use of a lens, that the leprous condition of swine is produced by myriads of minute insects engendered in their skin; and regarding all leprosy as of the same nature, it is thought that this affords a sufficient reason for the injunction in the Mosaic law to destroy the clothes in which the disease, after careful observation, seemed to manifest itself. Clothes are sometimes seen contaminated by this disease in the West Indies and the southern parts of America [Whitlaw, Code of Health]; and it may be presumed that, as the Hebrews were living in the desert where they had not the convenience of frequent changes and washing, the clothes they wore and the skin mats on which they lay, would be apt to breed infectious vermin, which, being settled in the stuff, would imperceptibly gnaw it and leave stains similar to those described by Moses. It is well known that the wool of sheep dying of disease, if it had not been shorn from the animal while living, and also skins, if not thoroughly prepared by scouring, are liable to the effects described in this passage. The stains are described as of a greenish or reddish color, according, perhaps, to the color or nature of the ingredients used in preparing them; for acids convert blue vegetable colors into red and alkalis change then into green [Brown]. It appears, then, that the leprosy, though sometimes inflicted as a miraculous judgment (민12:10; 왕하5:27) was a natural disease, which is known in Eastern countries still; while the rules prescribed by the Hebrew legislator for distinguishing the true character and varieties of the disease and which are far superior to the method of treatment now followed in those regions, show the divine wisdom by which he was guided. Doubtless the origin of the disease is owing to some latent causes in nature; and perhaps a more extended acquaintance with the archæology of Egypt and the natural history of the adjacent countries, may confirm the opinion that leprosy results from noxious insects or a putrid fermentation. But whatever the origin or cause of the disease, the laws enacted by divine authority regarding it, while they pointed in the first instance to sanitary ends, were at the same time intended, by stimulating to carefulness against ceremonial defilement, to foster a spirit of religious fear and inward purity.
【레13:47 MHCC】The garment suspected to be tainted with leprosy was not to be burned immediately. If, upon search, it was found that there was a leprous spot, it must be burned, or at least that part of it. If it proved to be free, it must be washed, and then might be used. This also sets forth the great evil there is in sin. It not only defiles the sinner's conscience, but it brings a stain upon all he has and all that he does. And those who make their clothes servants to their pride and lust, may see them thereby tainted with leprosy. But the robes of righteousness never fret, nor are moth-eaten.
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